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Declarative Memory Model

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As per the Multi store model, the final destination of the memory process is Long term Memory. This may be divided according to the types of information being processed. This can take two forms: Explicit (or declarative) and Implicit (or procedural) memory. Declarative memory is information that can be easily verbalized or declared hence they need to be recalled through conscious effort. It is a subset of explicit memory since declarative memory comprises of information that can be explicitly stored and retrieved (Human-memory.net, n.d). Declarative memory can be further divided into Episodic and Semantic Memory. Semantic memory is memory for facts and other verbal information. This is the memory used to answer questions like “Who won the …show more content…

At one point they also believed that the hippocampus was involved in declarative memory. However with time it was found that the Hippocampus did not hinder the ability to learn and get better at new skills like solving a puzzle, playing a musical instrument. This proved that the process involved in learning a task is governed by regions other than the Hippocampus in the brain (Eichenbaum, 2002). Psychologist Brenda Milner who studied HM’s case thoroughly focused on his sensorimotor skills. His performance on activities like tracing basic diagrams and reverse-mirror drawing improved gradually with practice, as he had learnt new eye-hand coordination (Milner, 1966) This showed that there was learning taking place. Hence, HM was actually capable of holding a basic job at a residential place. However, he would not be able to explain this job after working there for almost six months. It was also found that despite HM’s amnesic condition he had and an above average IQ score of 118. Unlike the other patients who suffered from frontal lobe damage, HM‘s social behavior has been normal. Although there was a slight speech defect, which could have been there before the surgery or may have been caused as a result of the damage to the lateral temporal lobe, his language skills in terms of grammar, comprehension and memory of words remained unaffected. For instance, he understood jokes without anyone having to explain to him and had a very good sense of humour (Corkin, 2002). When Milner had asked him what he was doing to try to remember, he replied “Well, I don’t know, because I don’t remember what I tried”. The inability to keep refreshing and updating your memories is a crucial part in Amnesic syndrome (Baddeley, 1997). HM possessed a capacity for having working memory, as he could have a normal

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Evidence to support this, includes findings during her physical assessment. JT was able to communicate, hold a conversation and socially interact with peers and medical staff. According to Wilkerson (2017), objective characteristic of chronic confusion includes impaired social functioning (p. 167). In addition, she had difficulty remembering certain information. As an example she could not remember her previous occupation; however, she could remember previous accidents and surgeries.

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“Several studies showed that aMCI patients have poor insight into their memory deficits, underestimating them (12–18)” (Bastin et al.). Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment (aMCI) could have been what Winston received from his torture at the Ministry. Those aMCI patients who underestimated their memory deficits could reflect Winston’s bewilderment, where he subconsciously underestimated the amount of psychological impairment he had received, which led to a simultaneous feeling of hopelessness. The Party also used doublethink to perpetuate bewilderment.

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The overall memory process involves retaining, retrieving, and using information learned after the original information is no longer there. There are different types of memory, including short-term memory, working memory, and long-term memory. Clive Wearing, who was a famous conductor in London and played the piano (he is still able to play) suffered from issues with long-term memory. Clive was diagnosed with the herpes simplex or cold virus, which resulted in brain damage to his hippocampus. As learned in class, the hippocampus plays a vital role in both memory and learning.

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Clive has damage to multiple parts of the brain including his hippocampus, and some of the frontal portion of the brain. The hippocampus is “a structure underneath the cortex that is important in many learning and memory tasks,” (Matlin, Farmer, 1983, p. 160). He continues to have problems creating memories, switching his short-term memories into long-term memories. After being infected, Clive is still able to talk, write, and even show affection to his wife, but a portion of his semantic and episodic memory system were affected.

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(2007) all underwent neuroradiological and neurophysiological exams to determine the presence of brain damage and confirm the form of amnesia they had. The results were consistent in that the case study with PA showed no brain damage while the OA case studies did show brain damage in the frontal lobes and hippocampus. Yet, only one PA case study is looked at while there are two OA cases in the Serra et al. (2007) paper, this isn’t a large sample. A problem encountered with finding case studies to compare is that individuals suffering from the amnesia being investigated can be rare and so finding larger samples is very difficult.

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The Contrast of Free Recall and Cued Recall Memory is a concept that has been looked at by many people within the psychological community for quite some time. When we talk about memory we are talking about process in which people encode, store and retrieve certain pieces information over time (). Encoding is when we take in certain forms of information and try to understand what we are perceiving. Once this is done we store the information we gathered so it can be accessed over periods of certain time.

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There are three types of memory that will be discussed in this paper, which fall under one of the main two categories of long term human memory. They are known as semantic memory, episodic memory and procedural memory. Semantic memory and episodic memory fall under the same sub- category of memory known as explicit, meaning it is able to be consciously recalled. Semantic memory is known as the memory responsible for recalling facts and knowledge. An example of semantic memory from my own personal experience was being able to recall and name all the elements on the periodic table.

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The declarative type includes all the memories that are available to the mind. It also divided into episodic and semantic memory. Declarative memory is the ability to knowingly reproduce learned information (foreign words, formulas, and numbers). Procedural memory allows us to master skills - for example, to

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1998, cited in Squire, 1992). Thus, this suggests that declarative and non-declarative memory are located

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Semantic memory is part of the long-term memory system, and there are several theories concerning this type of memory. Some of these will be described in this essay. There are also several types of neuropsychological semantic memory deficits. For example, test results have shown that patients tend to have more difficulties naming living than nonliving things, and one probable explanation is that living things are more dependent on sensory than on functional features. Description of concrete concepts is a new test of semantic memory, in which cueing is used, both to capture the maximum performance of patients, and to give insight into the access versus storage problem.

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Memory can be defined as the organisation, storage, and retrieval of information. This process is termed encoding. Encoding is the coding of external information into a form for long term storage by the brain. Improvement of encoding can result in an increased likelihood of retrieval, creating the impression of an improved memory. Encoding can be improved many different ways.

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Episodic memory refers for events that occurred in a particular time, place or context. Semantic memory refers for general information and facts about the world, and also it is memory that included the rules of logic that are used to understand other facts (Feldman, 2013). Cue dependent forgetting indicate that data can be forgotten because of there are inadequately retrieval cues kindle data that in memory (Feldman, 2013). Elaborating rehearsal indicates that when data is considered and established in some form (Feldman, 2013). Other concept is that decay refers the loss of data in memory based on nonuse of the data (Feldman, 2013).

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Topographic memory involves the ability to orient oneself in space, to recognize and follow an itinerary, or to recognize familiar places. Flashbulb memories are clear episodic memories of unique and highly emotional events. People remembering where they were or what they were doing when the heard the news of President Kennedy 's assassination or 9/11 are examples of flashbulb memories. Declarative memory requires conscious recall, in that some conscious process must call back the information. It is sometimes called explicit memory.

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Having gone through the psychology course successfully, I have been equipped with knowledge on various aspects of human behaviors and the scientific reasons behind them. Subsequently, in this personal reflection paper, I will select the topic of memory given its intrigues and interesting findings from the textbook. Memory refers to the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. It has been described as the means that enable human beings to use the knowledge that has been acquired over time in their present situations. In this case, the brain helps in storing information in the form of sounds, images, or interpretation of various situations.

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It involves conscious effort to recall and can be either be episodic or semantic. The other is procedural memory. It is usually the natural response to the surroundings, such as how to ride a bicycle or play the instrument. This type of long term memory can be remembered without consciously think about it.

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