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Education In The 18th Century

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During the 16th-18th centuries experimentation took place in all parts of life. Leaders tried to figure out how to successfully control a nation. Nations like Russia, Prussia and France did this this through absolutism, basing their rule off of divinity. Others like England used a constitutional monarchy, using a parliamentary system to keep order in check. With the enlightenment, rulers changed much of their governance to maintain rule, and aspects in the society soon followed. In Europe during the 18th century, while traditional views on women changed, it was ultimately the perspective of education and children in European society that was more greatly transformed, which paved the way for the implementation of many Enlightened ideals throughout …show more content…

Before, education was seen as a valuable thing, but only of the nobles. A French Bishop in a letter describes that there are many benefits in schooling. When children would learn new skills, they could implement them into their daily lives, even using them to become better off in life (Document 3). However, since the author is a French Bishop, who would have been part of the schooling he is referencing, he may not be impartial, inclining him to give praise to the education system, validating his role. The information the bishop has said shouldn’t go unnoticed. Enlightened thought like that lead to an increase of primary and secondary schooling across Europe. This can be seen through the picture of the four Frances. The one on the top left pictures male literacy during 1686-1690. It pictures mostly 20% or less and a little bit of 20-40% and 40% and more. The picture next to it on the right shows mostly 20-40% and 40% with no less than 20%. (Document 7). This was partly caused by the introduction of chapbooks books and novels into society. They along with common enlightened thought influenced the role and view on education as a whole. In Europe during the 18th century, while traditional views on women changed, it was ultimately the perspective of education and children in European society that was more greatly transformed, which paved the way for the implementation of many Enlightened ideals throughout daily life, improving society as a whole. In this time major change took place across Europe. While this is so, this took place in mostly the upper class, while lower classes still remained poor, but

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In the Letter to the Parlement of Dijon, the individual believes that by having too many schools will weaken the body and would encourage people to be less contempt for all other occupations (Doc 7). Although this particular individual may think by having too many schools are bad, they still believe that schools are useful in a civilized society. With the emphasis on the study of the classics, occupations like farmers, merchants, and other hard working bodies are decreasing because many people during the Renaissance were interested in individuals who had risen above their background to become brilliant and successful. Many churches and schools, like the School Ordinances of Wurttemberg, in Germany,try to convince people to send their children to schools to be able to teach them fear God and to be able to learn how to be disciplined (Doc 4). Education in the Renaissance has been used to try and restore the religious beliefs many people had lost.

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Programs like this and a new desire for education, promised to bring much change to the current education system. A major theme of education during this time period was the expansion of education. While efforts were being made to expand the education system’s “audience”, efforts were also being made to expand schools westward. The government began surveying lands and setting up schools inside them. They wanted to spread education to the entire country.

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This is stated in the Constitution of the Brook Farm Association, a 19th century organization based on furthering education and agriculture. In it the founders of the organization describe how a basic education instills invaluable moral, social, and intellectual advantages to the next generation. In short, the proposed that the widespread teaching of a broad curiculum could make a better country. Additional arguments for education reform is best outlined by William McGuffrey in an excerpt of Reader. His argument targeted anyone who opposed the movement, hoping that he could persuade them.

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As one might predict, less fortunate children struggled to receive superb education and younger privileged individuals were granted better learning environments. Basically the more money a child’s family had the more substantial their surroundings. For starters, poor children learned in protestant voluntary organizations or charity schools, church halls, basements or rented rooms (Finkelman). This type of learning surrounding might have contributed to the fact poorer children were less educated. However, wealthy elementary students would learn in boarding schools, where substantial learning could be taught.

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Political machines, labor injustices, and unethical business actions ravaged the government. These actions of society created the upper and lower class. By the late 19th century, the economic difference between these classes was immense. Which is why in the Gilded Age, 70 percent of children age 5 to 18 were actively going to school. Historically oppressed Americans, the poor, female, and nonwhite, began to understand the impact education should have on their lives (The Gilded Age).

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The literacy rate sailed way above the previous rate that it had been at. This caused them to be one of the smartest generations yet. Even the women who weren’t expected to be literate were still very literate.     The other ideology that was very prevalent during this time period was rationalism. This idea allowed for the people to make decisions that they thought were best for them without the fear of religion getting in the way.

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A perfect representation of this case can be seen in Scotland, where right at the dusk of the Middle Ages, in 1560, the Scottish Reformation was implemented, and its founding principle was the free education of the poor. Scotland is the place where the first local school tax was established, and this environment facilitated the growth of the Scottish Enlightenment: David Hume, Francis Hutcheson, Adam Ferguson, and the godfather

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The Enlightenment was a period of time that stressed the importance of reason and individual ideas. Many philosophers published works criticizing a country’s monarch or divulging the flaws they saw in a system within the government, such as the justice system. The Enlightenment also stressed the importance of education, and as a result of this, literacy rates experienced a major upward trend. Now able to read the philosopher’s works, a larger sum of people now were educated on the corruptions within their government. This caused a questioning of traditional practices, and people began to believe they could revise their government.

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There was big change in places like Austria and Russia where they got education for both male and female children not of the same level but basic education for both. The education of a child would depend greatly on the child’s home and parents, this was apparent in The Hollands household with Lord Holland’s son Charles would get whatever he wanted when he wanted it which his father was educating him on how to act and gaining his love and respect for letting him do

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During the Elizabethan Era males of Upper and Middle classes could attend school. Males were educated outside of the home and females were educated in the home. Females were taught domestic teachings so that they could maintain a home and raise children. Depending on their religious beliefs and social status girls could be sent to school.

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A woman during the Enlightenment period was not accepted in pure academics, but they could find education from somewhere else, and they could have risks for searching for education. A woman during the Enlightenment period was not accepted in pure academics. A woman was not accepted in academics mainly because men believed woman were ignorant and would not be capable of understanding what man learn. Men at this time believed that women should only attend classes on how to become a perfect housewife to their husbands. The first image of this is seen when Madame du Chatelet was excluded from the Royal Academy of Sciences.

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At the start of the early-modern period of European history, feudalism was dying, and countries looked to strong, centralized governments for leadership. The popular political theory to address this new development was absolutism. Absolute monarchs reduced the power of nobles in order to consolidate the nation’s leadership under one banner. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Europe’s political landscape was dominated by this form of government. Monarchy was seen by the early modern Europeans as the best form of government for a variety of reasons.

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Speech of Miss Polly Baker Until somewhat recently women were considered inferior to men. Women could not work and were wholly dependent upon a man. One of the biggest leaps forward in equality was the Enlightenment era. The Enlightenment encouraged rational thought and equality for all. “The Speech of Miss Polly Baker” written by Benjamin Franklin is one of the most influential writings in American gender enlightenment especially in social, monetary and religious issues.

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Like you said, the Enlightenment was big on education. Many of the enlightened thinkers in fact believed that education was a necessary base to one becoming enlightened. And like you mentioned, many were critical of organized religion having the hold that it did on education. Enlightened thinker, Jean-Jacques Rousseau advocated against the "traditional education," one that placed emphasis on discipline and punishment, but rather introduced the new thought of teaching to a child's "natural interests and goodness." He maintained that "nature and experience were better guides to independent thinking and practical knowledge" (pg. 445).

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The Second Great Awakening, beginning in about 1790, influenced a reform movement that encouraged mandatory, free, public education. In 1805, the New York Public School Society was created by wealthy businessmen and was intended to provide education for poor children. In 1817, a town meeting in Boston, Massachusetts called for establishment of free public primary schools. Many wage earners opposed this proposal. Josiah Quincy, mayor of Boston, supported the idea that education should be a priority by saying, “(By) 1820, an English classical school is established, having for its object to enable the mercantile and mechanical classes to obtain an education adapted for those children whom their parents wished to qualify for active life, and thus

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