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Exploring Factors That Affect The Rate Of Enzyme Activity

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Enzymes are catalysts that accelerate chemical reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy needed, during reactions enzymes are not consumed allowing the enzyme to be reused (Eed, 2013). Each individual enzyme has a groove on its own surface, this groove is known as the active site (Robinson, 2016). On the active site a reactant, also known as a substrate, interacts with the enzyme in order to cause a reaction that could take days or years to happen occur significantly faster (Robinson, 2016). There are many factors that affect how efficient enzymes are, such as pH, temperature, and both enzyme and substrate concentration (Eed, 2013). Another factor is charge, however its affect tends to be negligible and the actual shape of the …show more content…

Higher temperatures can increase enzyme activity up to a certain point, however raising the environments temperature too much can cause the enzyme to become denatured, this process is also irreversible (Daniel et al, 2013). Higher temperature’s impact on enzyme activity is due to higher temperatures causing molecules to move more rapidly which causes the substrate to collide with the active site of the enzyme more frequently (Eed, 2013). Enzyme concentration also plays an important role, it seems that higher enzyme concentration increase enzyme activity and as a result increases the speed at which chemical reactions take place (Eed, 2013). All enzymes have different preferences when it comes to its environment (Eed, 2013). With all of these factors on enzyme activity an organism must provide the appropriate conditions so all of its enzymes can work efficiently (Eed, …show more content…

Absorption spectroscopy is a tool most commonly used in analytical chemistry, however it is occasionally used in other fields such as molecular physics, atomic physics, and astronomical spectroscopy (“Absorption Spectroscopy”). Absorption spectroscopy is commonly used to quantify the amount of a substance present, which makes it very useful for determining how much of a certain product is present after a chemical reaction takes place (“Absorption Spectroscopy”). The absorption spectrum is the amount of radiation absorbed across a range of frequencies, it is mainly determined by the atomic or molecular composition of the specific material (“Absorption Spectroscopy”). The most common way to find the absorption spectrum is to direct a radiation beam at a sample and then detect the intensity of the radiation that passes through it, the energy that passes through can then be used to calculate the absorption of the substance (“Absorption Spectroscopy”). Absorption spectroscopy is very useful for analyzing chemicals because of how specific it is and its quantitative nature, due how to specific the absorption spectra is it is possible for a spectrophotometer to detect specific compounds within a mixture (“Absorption Spectroscopy”). The most basic approach to absorption spectroscopy is to generate radiation and to have a

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Because of the fact that reactions are catalyzed by enzymes when they randomly collide with substrate molecules, increasing the temperature would increase the reaction rate. Increasing the temperature further increases the vibrational energy of the enzyme molecules, straining the bonds that keep them together. Furthermore, when the temperature is higher, more bonds will break because of these strains, causing the active site of the enzymes to change too. Similar to pH, a change in the shape of the active site leads to the substrate not being able to fit perfectly, leading to the enzyme not being able to catalyze the reaction. Overall, an increase in temperature will cause the rate of reaction to increase initially due to the increased kinetic energy.

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The effect of pH on the speed of enzyme interaction with substrate chemicals Hypothesis: About pH: If the pH level is less than 5, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will be slower. About temperature: If the temperature stays the same, then the speed of the enzyme reaction will not be completely affected. Background information: The function of enzymes is to speed up the biochemical reaction by lowering the activation energy, they do this by colliding with the substrate.

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Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2. Independent Variable pH 3. Controlled Variables temperature, amount of substrate (sucrose) present, sucrase + sucrose incubation time Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity 1.

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LABORATORY REPORT Activity: Enzyme Activity Name: Natalie Banc Instructor: Elizabeth Kraske Date: 09.22.2016 Predictions 1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 50 °C (122 °F) 3. Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration Materials and Methods Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity 1. Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced 2.

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Enzymes speed up chemical reactions enabling more products to be formed within a shorter span of time. Enzymes are fragile and easily disrupted by heat or other mild treatment. Studying the effect of temperature and substrate concentration on enzyme concentration allows better understanding of optimum conditions which enzymes can function. An example of an enzyme catalyzed reaction is enzymatic hydrolysis of an artificial substrate, o-Nitrophenylgalactoside (ONPG) used in place of lactose. Upon hydrolysis by B-galactosidase, a yellow colored compound o-Nitrophenol (ONP) is formed.

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Introduction: Enzymes are needed for survival in any living system and they control cellular reactions. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering the energy needed for molecules to begin reacting with each other. They do this by forming an enzyme-substrate complex that reduces energy that is required for a specific reaction to occur. Enzymes determine their functions by their shape and structure. Enzymes are made of amino acids, it 's made of anywhere from a hundred to a million amino acids, each they are bonded to other chemical bonds.

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purpose the propose of this experiment was too see if the chemical reaction of a enzyme can be made faster. Hypothesis I think that a warm environment would be best to make an enzyme’s reaction faster. because a protein can move faster in heat.

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Enzymes are proteins that significantly speed up the rate of chemical reactions that take place within cells. Some enzymes help to break large molecules into smaller pieces that are more easily absorbed by the body. Other enzymes help bind two molecules together to produce a new molecule. Enzymes are selective catalysts, meaning that each enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates.

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Catalase is a common enzyme that is present in nearly all living organisms. Enzymes are proteins that catalyse selective chemical functions without altering the products or itself. In order to accelerate a reaction, the enzyme will bind to one or more reactant molecules known as the substrates. These substrates will bind to the enzyme’s selective active site, and will then be broken down into products. All chemical reactions that occur in a living organism depend on the actions of enzymes, and function in a temperate environment similar to the body temperature of a living organism.

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Introduction: Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of a reaction without being chemically changed. Enzymes are globular proteins that contain an active site. A specific substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme chemically and structurally (4). Enzymes also increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the activation energy for that reaction which is the minimum energy required for the reaction to take place (3). Multiple factors affect the activity of an enzyme (1).

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Enzymes make up large and diverse groups of biologically active proteins that are essential for metabolic function in cells. They are very specific and only work on special molecules known as substrate. They form an enzyme-substrate complex that serve as catalyst with the ability to speed up chemical reactions that would otherwise take place too slowly for the body to benefit; enzymes provide an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. Therefore understanding the kinetic behaviour of an enzyme provides clues to its possible physiological role1.

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For each sample, take the absorption spectra to observe at what wavelength the molecule experiences excitation. The sample then needs to be purged with nitrogen for five minutes to ensure that oxygen does not react with the sample. Using the excitation wavelength found from the absorption spectra, the emission spectra can be performed.

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Enzymes have an active site that holds a particular shape in which only the substrate can bind to in order to start catalyzing a reaction. An active site could transfer electrons, remove hydrogen ions, or weaken the intermolecular forces to destabilize the substrate (Carter-Edwards et al., 2011). Once the substrate interacts with the enzyme, they form an enzyme-substrate complex where the bonds within the substrate break and release products (Brain, 2000). This is considered an induced fit where the enzyme adjusts its shape to accommodate the substrate. The flexibility of the enzyme is the property that allows chemical reactions to occur

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These enzymes have a secondary and tertiary structure and this could be affected by increases and decreases in temperature beyond the optimum temperature of the enzyme to work in. Mostly enzymes are highly affected any changes in temperature beyond the enzymes optimum. There are too

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Along with being found in plants, they are also present in liver cells, kidney cells, leukocytes and erythrocytes. For the concentration of enzyme experiment, the hypothesis was if the concentration of an enzyme increases, then the enzyme activity will increase as well. The hypothesis was proven to be true, because there are more enzymes to react with substrates. For the enzyme—factors affecting, the hypothesis concluded was if the temperature increases, than the enzyme activity will increase. This however was proven wrong, because enzymes become unstable at higher temperatures.

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