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Executive Order Or Measure Of Affirmative Action

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President, John F. Kennedy, Jr. signs an Executive Order using little known measure called affirmative action as an attempt to accommodate the cry for equality in 1961. Federal contractors were required to treat job applicants equally despite race. Four years later, President Lyndon B. Johnson issues another executive order expanding on the affirmative action and making it a requirement for all Federal contractors and sub-contractors. These executive orders have evolved over the years and have created programs that accommodate people of all race, creed and color. A standard was set into motion for fair treatment in education and work environments that has strengthened the civil rights causes. Affirmative Action is a global mindset with …show more content…

These documents are generally used to direct federal agencies and officials in their execution of congressionally established laws or policies http://www.thisnation.com/question/040.html... In 1965, one year after the Civil Right Act of 1964 became law, “President Lyndon B. Johnson issued executive order 11246, requiring all government contractors and subcontractors to take affirmative action to expand job opportunities for minorities” http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/aahist.html. At that time, it became possible for people of color to receive fair and equal treatment when applying for all jobs with a Federal contract attached. While it is still a work in progress, Affirmative active evolves over time. Affirmative action programs have resulted in doubling or tripling the number of minority applications to colleges or universities, and have made colleges and universities more representative of their surrounding community” http://www.ncsl.org/research/education/affirmative-action-overview.aspx. Women have been added to the growing list as the Affirmative action programs have evolved. Thus, Teachers, lawyers, doctors, business owners and others professions have benefitted from affirmative action …show more content…

It differs from Title VII, however, in that it applies only to federal government contractors and it includes the provision that employers take "affirmative action" to ensure nondiscriminatory treatment in hiring and on the job. - See more at: http://www.siop.org/AfirmAct/siopsaarbg.aspx#sthash.9SVQvb6R.dpuf . Civil Rights Act of 1964 gave birth to Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. This commission was tasked with enforcing the law. In the turbulent times for during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, any law passed that prohibited discrimination was seen as a step forward. Even though affirmative action was taking place in many businesses, the Voting Rights Act had not become law until 1965. It was, however, the push led by Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. that help to bring about the Civil Rights Act of 1964 http://www.history.com/topics/black-history/civil-rights-movement. This subsequently led to a change in affirmative action measure to include

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Ira Katznelson is the author of When Affirmative Action Was White, a historical analysis of the history of affirmative action and racial inequality in the United States of America. Katznelson takes a definitive approach to the history of legislation and inequalities and prepares the reader initially with his title. Katznelson’s argumentative position and approach to the title of his book makes the reader question about affirmative action for white Americans, but in reality what Katznelson means by his title, When Affirmative Action Was White, is more based on the social programs and federal grant opportunities that were created and provided to Americans during the Roosevelt and Truman administration. Katznelson argument encompasses historical

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There were acts before it that helped lead to the development of the one in 1964. They all addressed the similar issues, but obviously if there had to be more created than the ones that were initially created did not accomplish their goals. Two of those acts in particular were the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1960. These acts dealt primarily with voting rights. Unfortunately not contained in these acts were policies and practices that would eliminate discrimination in public accommodations or employment.

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In Ira Katznelson’s book, When Affirmative Action Was White, he establishes a clear, understood meaning of affirmative action. In this text, affirmative action is best described as policies enacted around the mid-1900s that required traditionally marginalized minorities to be in spaces (such as classrooms, workplaces, and sports teams) to help level the playing field. Essentially, affirmative action policies sought to give benefits to minorities as compensation to alleviate past ills. The book’s title, however, seems to flip this definition on its head, describing a time where affirmative action policies were arranged to favor white people. Katznelson argues that New Deal era policies were created to continue legal segregation without truly

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On July the 2nd 1964 Lyndon Johnson signs into law the historic Civil Rights Act in a nationally televised ceremony at the White House. Despite privately referring to African Americans as “niggers”. This was the act that made the biggest difference to the lives of black people in America. The Act outlawed racial discrimination and prejudice in employment. It also gave dark skin students the right to use any public services funded by the government, an example of this is schools.

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Even though it is over 60 years later, it is still very relevant today. This act prohibited employers from turning away potential employees based on race, sex, color, religion, or origin. It was a successful attempt at stopping discrimination. A lot of people were turned away from

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The main purpose of Affirmative Action is to put an end to discrimination towards the minorities. Although black citizens were put towards a disadvantage in society with the assistance of Affirmative Action was reversed back towards white citizens. When racials practice that have historically have placed blacks at a disadvantage are removed that is when whites believe that preferential treatment is given back to the blacks. Hill also argues that there needs to be some changes in the labor

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There have been many talks about affirmative action and how it relates to the topic of inequality. “For a long time, the debate over an affirmative action was a proxy for discussing race and inequality.’ (Chang, 20) At first, affirmative action wasn’t a term used for equality between different races, but now it sparks up conversation what people need to do to get their rights. Many black families moved to the suburbs for the same reason as other white families, but they didn’t know they weren’t being treated the same way. “Even if Prince George’s County suburbs were high income, they too had been redlined by race.”

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Critics of affirmative action frequent describe the policy as being unfair, asserting that it contravenes a conserved system of meritocracy in the country by basing selection decisions on demographic characteristics at the expense of ability and achievement (Thernstrom & Thernstrom, 1997). Defenders take a different position that can be explained by two facts: racism and sexism are still present in the United States society and affirmative action is the most efficient and effective way of reducing discrimination than the present alternatives. However, affirmative action increases fusion and fairness in employment and in education because it works as a proactive observing system. As Crosby and Smith (2005) consider, “such policies may help ensure that patterns of bias—including selective system bias— are uncovered and

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A large number of legal arguments in Alabama have stated that a high number of African-American students were placed in special education programs, created supposedly just for physically and mentally challenged students with special needs. Another unintended effect made by the Brown decision was on that of higher education. Plans were created to ensure that education among minorities was equal. But those plans have deteriorated the quality of admission standards that are so critical to education equality. The federal guidelines had sought out the increase of minority enrollment, but instead have resulted in the establishment of a quota system.

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Often times the government would only pass laws in response to the large protests, but these laws were the stepping stones to eventually ending the large scale segregation in America. Document one shows President Truman creating equality in the armed services no matter a person’s race, color, religion, or national origin. This message from the President was both an immediate help to the country, and the starting point of later laws. This law came in right after the second World War, and before the Vietnam War, and allowed a whole new group of people to join the army and solidify the weak army after the war. This law also was the starting point to desegregation in the workplace, the army was a way for both African Americans, and whites to work side by side.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is hailed by many as one of the most important legislations in the American history. The act was passed into law 52 years ago under a lot of pressure and resistance from white senators and African American activists. The act, which was largely known as the “Bill of the century” was aimed at bringing equality for blacks and whites and end racial prejudice. The act was targeted to revolutionize America where blacks and whites would eat together in the same hotels and enjoy similar rights in public places without any discrimination.

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As the author highlights, “The first paragraph of the act states as its purpose "To enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. " To explain, how the act shows equality with the nation striving to secure equal rights and opportunities for all its citizens and the act provisions directly confronted the entrenched systemic discrimination prevalent at the time challenging the status quo and shaping the trajectory of civil rights in America. The writer accentuates, “The bill prohibited racial discrimination in public and outlawed discrimination in places of employment. To this end, the act created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to investigate complaints of discrimination. The act ended the piecemeal strategy of integration by ending Jim Crow once and for all.”

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History Museum Task Civil Rights Movement The greatest achievement of the movement A Voting Ticket August 6th, 1965 marks one of the most significant moments in the Civil Rights movement. On that day, President Johnson signed a bill which gave African American the rights to vote. As the law banned a series of acts and practices such as literacy tests and poll taxes, which were designed by the white elite who used them as means of repression to African American, the black people overcame the legal barriers to equality for the first time in history.

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Affirmative action has become obsolete in today’s society. Affirmative action is an active effort to improve the employment or educational opportunities of members of minority groups and women; also: a similar effort to promote the rights or progress of other disadvantaged persons (Merriam-Webster, 2011). Today’s affirmative action will demoralize the very concepts that the policy was implemented to uphold: those of equality for all people regardless of color and discrimination. This policy supports racial multiplicity at the price of distinction, impartiality and experience; it also follows the line of reverse discrimination and sexual bias against white men (Reyna, Tucker, Korfmacher, & Henry, 2005).

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Throughout many of the affirmative action legal cases, one of the main arguments from proponents is that it is necessary in order to right the wrongs of past racial discrimination. Some say that affirmative action is justified because even though white applicants may be more qualified, this is only because they did not face the same hardships as their minority counterparts (Rachels, Ethics, 1973).  Many argue if we do not integrate disadvantaged minorities into mainstream social institutions, they will continue to suffer the discrimination that has plagued our country for centuries and that this is detrimental to not only the minorities but also society as a whole (Anderson, 2002, 1270–71). However, the debate has recently shifted to the benefits of diversity in the classroom which the Supreme Court has affirmed as being a positive thing

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