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Extinction And Functional Analysis

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11. What is extinction? (1 point) Discuss the relationship between procedural form and function with regards to extinction. (1 point)
ANSWER HERE.
Extinction is the result of stopping reinforcement contingent on a problem behavior leading to lower or zero rates of that behavior. According to Iwata et al. (1994) topographically similar but functionally dissimilar responses present important differences when designing treatment programs. In the case of extinction procedures specifically, it was found that the intervention must match the function of the behavior or it will have little to no effect. Additionally, a behavior change program that is not based on the function may be counter therapeutic resulting in an increase of the problem behavior …show more content…

What type of procedure is a functional communication training procedure? (1 point) Describe the steps to FCT. (2 points)
ANSWER HERE.
Functional communication training, developed by Carr and Durand (1985a), is a procedure based on differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA). As such, after the function of a problem behavior has been determined, the reinforcer is provided for an alternative behavior determined to be more socially appropriate.
The steps to FCT as described in Tiger et al. (2008) progress through three stages. The first stage is to conduct a functional analysis to determine the reinforcer that is maintaining the problem behavior. The second stage is when that reinforcer is reassigned to a behavior that is more socially acceptable through teaching a communicative response. The communicative response can be verbal, picture based, gestures, assistive technology, or any combination of methods. The final stage is to develop and implement a treatment program across caregivers and settings.

14. What is a “transfer in stimulus control,” (1 point) and what could be happening if stimulus control fails? (2 …show more content…

An echoic verbal operant is one that relates to vocal imitation. It is a single instance of verbal behavior that repeats the verbal behavior of another person.

18. While working for a school system, a teacher informs you that she will in no way implement a punishment procedure in her classroom. How would you respond to this? How could you talk about punishment procedures in a way that might make it easier for her to accept their use, and what research could you reference to make your point? (2 points)
ANSWER HERE.
To respond to the teacher that tells me that she will in no way implement punishment procedures in her classroom I would refer her to Lerman and Vorndran (2002) study which states that the use of punishment procedures may be critical to the success of a treatment program if the function of the problem behavior cannot be identified. Furthermore, I would also mention that punishment may be necessary if the behavior that is taking place in her classroom has the possibility of physical harm to the specific student or others. I would also talk about punishment procedures such as techniques like time-out which are commonly used by parents and would be readily accepted by the parents for use in the

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Behavior therapy was studied by Ivan Pavlov and his famous dog study in which dogs were conditioned to salivate upon hearing a bell. It was later continued to be studied by John Watson who has the famous “Little Albert” study in which an 11-month old infant was conditioned to be scared of fuzzy white things because a rat was paired with a loud noise. The conclusion of the two conditioning experiences was that, behaviors followed by satisfying experiences tend to increase in frequency and behaviors followed by aversive experiences tend to decrease in frequency” (Thoma, 2015). Watson’s assistant Mary Jones, used this principle to clinical applications reasoning that, “if conditioning could be used to induce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well” (Thoma, 2015). Thus, behavior therapy was developed and began being used for

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Operant conditioning is a condition in which the desired behavior or increasingly closer to the approximations to it are followed by a rewarding or reinforcing stimulus. “The fundamental principle of operant conditioning is that behavior is determined by its consequences. Behavior does not occur as isolated and unrelated events; the consequences that follow the actions of an animal, be they good, bad, or indifferent, will have an effect on the frequency with which those actions are repeated in the future,” (Laule 2). A reinforcement strengthens a response, reinforcement

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Treatment One The first treatment plan is to reduce Adam’s fear of sleeping alone in a room at night by himself without his foster parents sleeping next to him. Foster parents state that even though he is scared to sleep alone, he does show great strength in being able to communicate effectively when he is scared at night. Of course he communicates by yelling for help, but at least he doesn’t sit in silence when he becomes scared. Being able to communicate is recognized as strength.

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There are three specific techniques of structured dyadic behavioral therapy. The first one is behavioral goal setting. Behavioral therapy applies both operant and classical conditioning. These principles are used to support the performance of desired behaviors and reduce those that are undesired. In order for this to work the patient must understand the behavioral expectations and the reinforcements must be thought of as a reward.

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05.06 Discussion-Based Assessment The first thing we discussed was classical conditioning. It sort of all started after Pavlov’s experiment with the dogs. John B. Watson, a psychologist, began his testing on emotional conditioning. John’s theory was that people are not born with a fear of objects.

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When Carla returns to her desk, if she can complete an activity without a tantrum, she will get praise from the teacher. (DRA) differential reinforcement of an alternative behavior is used here. It shows how an alternative behavior can replace a negative one (Miltenberger,

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Is cheerleading a sport? That is a good question. This is a topic that is brought up and debated about quite often. With the facts that I have read in articles, it is a sport. Cheerleading is a competitive sport, it requires athletic abilities and maintains the 4 requirements to be an “official” sport.

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On the other hand, non-contingent reinforcement (NCR) appears to be an antecedent intervention that will more effectively influence the client. Due to the friendly and easy methodology, this procedure will allow teachers and staff to implement this intervention without being clinically trained. Non-contingent reinforcement will allow the child to frequently gain reinforcement non contingent to the problem behavior. This will enhance the development of a more positive learning environment, along with eventually being able to develop more appropriate behaviors, especially if NCR is combined with other procedures such as differential reinforcement of alternative

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Children's individual target behaviors were measured as dependent variables. The results from two of the three children failed to demonstrate significant improvement during treatment sessions. Combining with daily observation data reported by parents, the study suggests that the decreasing trend of the target behavior was combined with increased frequency of desirable social behaviors. There were several limitations associated with this study, including the small number of participants, rater bias, and the chosen ABAB reversal design, since behaviors in treatment condition might not be stable before the condition was reversed. The use of naturalistic environment,

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School punishment is causing pain or discomfort in response to undesired behavior by students in schools. It may involve striking the student either across the behind or on the hands, with an object such as a cane, wooden paddle, slipper, leather strap or wooden yardstick. It could also be spanking or hitting the student with the open hand, especially at the elementary school level. They used 2015 NCES data to show that 43% of Caucasian 8th graders were proficient in math while only 13 % of African American students and 19 % of Hispanic students tested at this level.

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The overall goal of this therapy form is to change a persons way of thinking. It just like the conditioning experiments done by Pavlov and Skinner. If the person is exhibiting the wrong behaviors or thinking , than you try to change their thinking/behaviors into the correct behaviors. Starting as children we are forming our personalities thoughts and behaviors. We get older and some behaviors are automatic and this therapy helps us understand the reasoning behind the way we act and how to look past the automatic response.

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Understanding the underlying motivations for using corporal punishment through exploring of opinions on behaviours, actions, roles and relations b. What student behaviours/attitudes/actions that you find appalling? c. Would you corporally punish students when they behave and act in such way? Please explain reasons for reaction(s). d. What do you hope to achieve when you use corporal punishment?

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If you implement a punishment contingency towards a child's bad behavior you must supplement the reinforcement with punishment in which would be rewarding for the child. Conclusions Therefore, the six basic principles of effective punishment in which are most relevant for consideration when using procedures that may function as punishment to change any child's given behavior where explained how the factors influenced the given contingency to function as a Punisher. Eliminating bad behavior should begin at an early age for a child by implementing the correct punishment and keeping consistent with the behavioral intervention.

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1. B.F. Skinner: Behaviour modification Positive and negative reinforcements or rewards and punishments are used to modify or shape learner’s behaviour. B. F. Skinner’s entire system is based on operant conditioning. The organism is in the process of "operating" on the environment, which in ordinary terms means it is bouncing around its world, doing what it does. During this "operating," the organism encounters a special kind of stimulus, called a reinforcing stimulus, or simply a reinforcer.

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It is relatively easy to see how teachers might use these i deas for what we tend to think of as behavioural issues. The challenge is for a teacher to work out what constitutes reinforcement and punishment for each child and then very specifically to target desirable and undesirable behaviour. Skinner highlighted the importance of generalised reinforces such as praise, stars and points. He also said that punishment should be avoided; extinction i.e. ignoring is the way to remove inappropriate behaviour.

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