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It is unlikely that social consequences of false memories can be avoided. Elizabeth Loftus was intrigued to study false memories, and is perhaps personally responsible for subsequent developments throughout the history of false memories. Some of this history addresses various theories aimed at isolating how or why false memories occur. These include Source Monitoring Framework, Activation Monitoring Theory, Fuzzy Trace Theory, and strategies for persuasion which can lead to the development of false memory. Such persuasion leads to the present discussion concerning how persuasion in the judicial system has created false confessions and wrongful eyewitness testimonies, due to the Misinformation Effect.
She mentions that these “dangerous” memories are presented in legal cases and explains her part in two of which she was apart of. In the first case, the photos of Thomas Sohponow who was mistakenly identified as the murderer of a young woman during the identification process were arrayed simultaneously rather than sequentially giving witnesses an easier target. This practice is not reliable as it allows witnesses to easily be persuaded by their naïve “memories” of a person and unfortunately in his case resulted in four years in prison. The second case Michael Kliman who was an elementary school teacher was accused of molesting a 6th grade student based on “repressed memories”. After two decades the student who “recovered” her memories laid charges on Kliman, which makes the case questionable since it could be difficult to justify the validity of a “repressed memory”.
Victims often get flashbacks or unwanted dreams of the traumatic events and can’t continue with their daily
For the Memory measure section, the participants were given a questionnaire that were structured in the form of a cross-examination style questions. The study showed that when the participant frequently recalled the event both lead to an increase in accuracy and a likelihood of developing false memories. And avoidance of the event had lead to a decrease in memory. This research suggests that some PTSD symptoms can help memory recall and others can prevent it (Gittins, Paterson, and Sharpe, 2006, p. 25). PTSD is not proven to help memories, yet it is not proven to harm it.
PTSD is formed through memory schema based on a cognitive behavioral view (Hyde & Quest, 2012, page 285). She couldn’t remember the attack Jane Doe started questioning her
In this article featured in the book Does Stress Damage the Brain?, J. Douglas Bremner wanted to determine the link between stress and damage to the brain. Bremner stated that human bodies react to situations that can lead to hazardous forms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Bremner concluded that PTSD can cause depression, nightmares, flashbacks, and lack of memory. This type of stress is very unhealthy and can change the way that the brain develops and functions.
The goal of the present research was to understand how false memories could be created with little, or no awareness to the individual and such “memories” be recognized with a high confidence level.
This would seem to suggests that the courts would throw out all memories discovered after a certain length of time. However, according to Johnson, “Courts tend to be all over the map” on this issue (par.5). According to Johnson some courts will extend the statute of limitation on some child abuse cases. The reason: there is a high chance that repressed memories will be fully remembered later in life (par. 6) However, some courts will completely reject all memories after a certain length of time as there is a high chance these memories will be false (par 6).
Throughout this entire week, I have come to learn that memories are reconstructed when we remember them; however, this doesn’t make them fake, they are indeed real in my opinion. This is also my opinion on repressed memories. Repressed memories are real. Therapies in which therapist continue to suggest there’s “something else” (Loftus) are the reason why people doubt the authenticity of repressed memories. In the video False Memories, the study showing how subjectable people are to formulating false memories is astonishing and it proves just how easy it is to create fake memories.
This is called “repressed memory”, a concept invented by Sigmund Freud, which Julia does not really trust as it is not scientifically proven: "There are still psychoanalytic schools saying repression is something we need to look for. So we've got universities teaching this nonsense to people" (Bryce, 2017, para.
Intrusive, traumatic memories are of real social concern, especially for people struggling with clinical posttraumatic distress. The ability to remember specific events is not a problem in itself. Rather, it is the involuntary intrusion of these traumatic thoughts that is a serious issue. Research shows that a task can interfere with the memory of an event shortly after it happened by affecting the consolidation process. However, it is still unknown whether interfering with the reconsolidation process can reduce the frequency of intrusive memories of traumatic events without affecting the memories in themselves.
Bring it On: All or Nothing The film I chose to watch is the third installment of the Bring It On series, which are all mostly unrelated stories loosely held together by the thread of cheerleading as a main plot point. I went with the third movie, released in 2006, because it attempts to have something to say about race, and was actually written by a black woman, though whether it survived rewrites and succeeds or not is to be questioned later. The basic plot is that the lead character, Britney, is the captain of the cheerleading squad at a very white, suburban school called Pacific Vista.
Functional or psychogenic amnesia is caused by an emotional shock such as being the victim of a brutal crime, sexual abuse and child abuse. Fundamentally, any unbearable life event that causes extreme psychological stress and internal dispute could be the cause of functional or psychogenic
One famous case of amnesia supporting Squire's view is patient H.M. (Scoville & Milner, 1957), who had parts of his left and right temporal lobe, hippocampus, amygdala and surrounding areas of both removed. He developed severe anterograde amnesia, the inability to learn new information, resulting in an almost completely absent short-term memory storage. He also had moderate retrograde amnesia, unable to remember information between 3 to 11 years prior to his surgery, but with other long-term memories unaffected. Explaining this, Squire argued that memories are consolidated in the hippocampus, easily disrupted by trauma during this. They become less dependent on the hippocampus with time, eventually being stored in the neocortex (Alvarez &
The research study focused on suppression of visual memories. Researchers first believed that majority of trauma had a visual aspect (University of Cambridge, 2014). That most people who have some type of traumatic experiences like military war or some detrimental close encounter visualizes traumatic experience. That these fortunate circumstances had been imbedded in their psyche and with something so traumatic they will never forget the
