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Genetic Analysis

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The ability to reproduce and transfer genetic information is the most important and fundamental property of all living organisms. All genetic information that determines structure and function is inherited from parents to offspring. Similarly and on a more fundamental level, new cells arise from pre-existing cells, containing genetic information replicated and transferred from parents to progeny cells in the form of DNA. In this way, DNA forms the genetic basis and building blocks of life and represents a cornerstone of modern molecular biology knowledge. The following discussion provides an overview of DNA structure and its transfer mechanisms from one generation to another.
DNA was first discovered in 1869 by chemist Friedrich Miescher as …show more content…

Genetic code is the combination of 3 nucleotides, which specify a particular amino acid. These three nucleotides are known as a codon. Transfer RNA read this codon on mRNA, which represent over 50 kinds of proteins (Chin, 2014). The genetic code is thus universal. Because of this universality of the codon, the genes can be transferred from one organism to another and be successfully transcribed and translated in their new host (Chin, 2014).
Since codons sequences essentially define unique genes, the study of DNA inheritance can be further explored with Mendelian genetics. The basic principles of inheritance were proposed by Gregor Mendel in the 1860s (Monaghan & Corcos, 1984) . His work with traits in pea plants led him to propose several theories of inheritance. Mendel did all his work and postulated his theories at a time when the genetic material had not been discovered, so the fact that his theories hold true today could be considered quite a significant scientific …show more content…

There are several important ideas in this law. For every given trait, an individual inherits two alleles for the trait
(one from each parent). Furthermore, as an individual produces gametes, the two alleles segregate so that each gamete contains only a single allele per trait. During fertilization, each gamete contributes one allele per trait, providing the offspring with two alleles per trait (Monaghan & Corcos, 1984). This provides a mechanism for parents to transfer genetic information from parents to offspring, while still maintaining diversity in the genetic information.
Another important law is Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment. This states that alleles must assort independently during gamete formation, meaning that the distribution of alleles for one trait has no influence on the distribution of alleles for the other trait (Gayon, 2016). Furthermore, if two genes are linked, meaning they occur on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and thus are inherited together, changing the expected outcomes in the offspring (Gayon, 2016). This is an important factor which ensures that diversity is promoted in

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The reason for this is because the organisms with the least helpful phenotypes will be eaten by predators while the organisms with the better phenotypes will live on to breed, thus shifting the gene pool to go in a certain direction. I am able to move a total of 5 generations forward and each and every time I move the allele frequency will change to favor the superior phenotype, thus representing the

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By breeding the same pea plants, he concluded that they were true-breeding for that particular trait since the results were always the same as the superior’s. After concluding

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Less diversity DNA results in a higher chance of catching rare genetic diseases such as albinism or hemophilia. One person has 46 chromosomes which consists of an assortment of genes. Half of those chromosomes (23) are from the mother and the remaining half (23), comes from the father. When it comes to inbreeding, a mother who is a carrier of a defective gene has a 50 percent of giving it to her child. And when the father is related to the mother in any sort of way, he would probably carry that similar broken gene.

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In this paper I have explained Kass’s arguments related to four areas of concern regarding genetic

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A higher number would decrease the chances for inbreeding; the higher the number, the lower the occurrence of

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We are studying and learning about our genetics in science. This includes studying genes, heredity, traits and Punnett squares. Punnett squares are especially important and are used to tell us which genes we will inheadiate for which parents. For example, we can use this to predict our hair color, height, eye color and other traits. Genes are basically a set of instructions for you body.

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Darwin's theory has become even stronger as the study of genetics emerges ultimately showing inherited traits are passes on through genes and remain unaffected by the outside

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Charles Darwin came to understand that any population consists of individuals that are all slightly different from one another. Those individuals having a variation that gives them an advantage in staying alive long enough to successfully reproduce are the ones that pass on their traits more frequently to the next generation. Subsequently, their traits become more common and the population evolves. Darwin called this "descent with modification." [3] Darwin's use of the phrase "survival of the fittest" is often misinterpreted.

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When Darwin returned home, he developed this theory of evolution through natural selection. He came to the conclusion that species are specially modified to their environments. There are features that vary between individuals of a population. Although offspring are fairly similar to their parents, this variance also occurs between generation, leading to genetic differences. The genetic differences provide some offspring with traits that aid in survival and reproduction; those who inherited this trait typically survive and will pass them onto their offspring.

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Also, your habits determine physical traits or how intelligent you are from mental traits. In order to be a geneticist you have to learn life sciences, biology, chemistry,

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A population needs genetic diversity in order to fight off diseases that come around in the future. If everyone had similar genetics the population could be wiped out because they would not be able to fight off the new

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Gene flow introduces new genes into a different group of people usually through marriage or inter breeding

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Genetic variation is the diversity in our DNA and is what makes each living creature different from one another within a species, even though they share the same characteristics and share genetic information. A cell is created by one sex cell inherited from both parents to form a pair of sex cells. The chromosomes consist of genes and present characteristics and traits which the parents display. The different genes shown are called mutations in the DNA code. The gene pool of a species can contain many alleles and when two of the alleles interact it can be described as a dominant or recessive trait, this is another way to identify differential species.

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In a population of individuals, variation in genotypes (in the form of alleles) exists due to random mutations arising in the genome of organisms, resulting in phenotypic variation from the unique combination of alleles of individuals. These unique combinations of alleles are then ‘tested’ by selection pressures, in which ‘beneficial’ alleles would confer organisms possessing that allele a higher chance of survival and reproduction; while ‘non-beneficial’ alleles either does not affect an organism’s survival and reproductive rate, or hinders it. The eventual long-term effect of natural selection would be evolution, which is the change in genotypic and/or allelic frequencies in a population over a (usually very long) period of time. Evolution is driven by natural selection; however, it cannot be viewed as a ‘final’ outcome of natural selection.

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In gene flow, reproduction introduced new genes into the population. It is also a way in which variation is controlled so that a new species of humans does not evolve. This way mutations are passed from one population to another, most commonly through migration (Scupin and DeCorse, 2015: 57). The third type is genetic drift. This is where sampling phenomena remove or sustain specific alleles in a gene pool.

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