New France during the period 1663-1760 began to establish itself not just as a territorial claim but as a colony . This process meant population growth; moreover it also required the establishment of structure within the colony. Leadership of the colony had to shape the economic, political and social institutions. In New France the leadership was attained from the economic power of landholding and fur trading which was derived from the crowns political will. While the clergy held social influence they did not hold sufficient economic and political power to be the real leaders of New France.
Technology was improving, with the telegraph, the railroad, and advances in gun manufacturing. There were advances in agriculture, such as John Deere’s new steel tipped plow. They also started building houses with bricks. Furniture was now being mass produced and was cheaper. Everything seemed to be improving, but their health was not improving.
Throughout the 19th century, the American geography noticed a considerable change. As cities grew taller and taller, finally meeting the sky with metal and glass, more and more people moved to live in the intensifying hustle and bustle. This is especially true for Chicago, a sprawling metropolis nestled in Illinois next to the Great Lakes. During the late 19th century, the city became one of the largest in America. New faces constantly appeared in the always busy Chicago train stations, desperate yet hopeful for a new life in the big city.
Also ethnicity and religion played a part of the urbanization. Between the Americans and Europeans moving into the cities places like New York and Philadelphia started to grow. This is the time when cities started to become more urban and by 1860 nearly twenty percent of Americans had grown to live in cities. This is also when many of them started to separate into different sections between the working class and the urban slums. Transportation also increased the violence in the cities.
However as empires declined it created forms of urban development such as feudalism and the rise of guilds. As the trade centers in the empire's decline, they gave way to new kinds of development that would be impossible to achieve within a flourishing
People died from common sickness like the flu because they lacked medication and health care. Toilets were only able to be flushed once a day, which was bad for the health of the citizen’s and just disgusting. Since everyone was so jam-packed and crowded, crime rates increased tremendously. Tenements lacked running water, electricity, proper ventilation and indoor plumbing. These buildings had no windows.
This led to a catastrophic phenomenon called de-urbanization. De-urbanization is very detrimental to a growing society because it takes a step back in a developing society. An urban society has many benefits such as collective learning, innovative ideas, and improved infrastructure. When everyone left the cities, it caused de-urbanization which halted advancements in the fields of science and mathematics (“Man and Disease: The Black Death”). Throughout history, it can be seen that de-urbanization is precarious such as when the Roman Empire also went through de-urbanization, which eventually led to its demise and the start of the Medival Ages (“Man and Disease: The Black Death”).
By the end of the 19 century, urban centers such as Montreal in Canada faced multiple challenges because of the urbanization. Montreal at the end of the 19 century faced the challenges of starving, diseases. Because of the lack of jobs at the time, cities and factories were drowning people from different part of the world. In addition, People were moving from countries to countries in order to find a better life. Montreal faced the problem of too many immigrants.
The cities rapidly started to grow due to the increase of factory jobs in the cities. Most areas in the cities turned into tenements and slumps to provide housing for poor urban families. They were crammed into small, unsanitary buildings with multiple families. However, due
The late 19th century was a monumental era for the city of Paris. As the city kept growing and increasing in popularity around the globe, the city itself was being modernized from its dated medieval layout. These modernizations had a direct impact on the culture of the city, the lifestyles of its inhabitants, and the prominence of the city across the world. Paris’ inhabitants were as social as ever, and often enjoyed themselves at cafés and bars. This modernization acted as a perfect catalyst to support the surging wave of capitalism across Western Europe.
In 1830 and 1840 in Paris it was the social ,economic and political crisis .Anthropologist and Geographer David Harvey was born on October 31,1935.one of the Davids greatest book is “Paris, Capital of Modernity” written in 2003.where he describes reasons if why Paris has been replaced. He has been received Ph.D. in Geography from the university of Cambridge in 1961.Paris is known for its unique architecture but it is not how it looked late 18th century. David Harvey perfectly describes in his book “Paris, Capital of Modernity” if what became the reason of replanning Paris in the 19th century. The rapid growth of urban population and geographic condition determined to replan the Paris .
Those two cities were London and Paris. By the end of the 19th century, several cities had a population over a million people. Those cities included New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Berlin, Tokyo, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Buenos Aires, and Osaka. In “Edison Newsreels: San Francisco Earthquake aftermath”, it showed big groups of people, overly crowed, on the streets of San Francisco. Cars were trying to weave through all these groups.
Since transportation was easier and faster, people could live in the suburbs on the edge of towns. For example, queens outside New York doubled in size in the 1920s. By the end of the 1920s, more than 26 million cars were sold, and lots of new towns were created. Another advancement that is important is the development of trucks. In the beginning, trucks were old fashioned and had lots of flaws.
Industrialization caused many people to move for better opportunity and because of this the population was doubled. There was also not enough housing space for all the people who had moved. With high rent and low incomes multiple families had to move into one single household together. Because of the increase in population there was also an issue with street cleanliness and trash. Factories dropped 20 pounds of trash and a gallon of urine due to the horses on the streets daily.
The drawback of low rent municipal housing resulted in high illness and mortality rates. The most common disease at that time was Tuberculosis, which was cross Europe known as Vienna’s Disease (Lovett, 2004, p.9). Not only housing incomes, also gasworks, waterworks, power stations, the brewery etc., were removed from private hands and transferred to the municipality. Moreover, he set up a special municipal bank to combat private Jewish banks (Znamenski, 2013, p. 139). That is to say that Lueger turned private businesses into municipal enterprises, which is why he could make the city of Vienna more beautiful and larger.
