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Hypovolemic Shock Research Paper

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Hypovolemic shock is an emergency condition in which severe blood or fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working. Hypovolemic shock refers to a medical or surgical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure due to inadequate circulating volume and subsequent inadequate perfusion. Endothelium plays a critical role in vascular physiological, pathophysiological, and reparative processes. The functions of the endothelium are highly altered following hypovolemic shock due to ischemia of the endothelial cells and by reperfusion due to resuscitation with fluids. Due to oxygen deprivation, endothelial cell apoptosis is induced following hypovolemic …show more content…

In 1992, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported an ectopic pregnancy rate of 19.8 per 1,000 pregnancies compared with a rate of 3.7 per 1,000 pregnancies in 1980. Lipscomb GH, et al (2000).Although early diagnosis and modern management techniques have contributed to a marked decline in mortality, ectopic pregnancy remains one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity and mortality as cited by Dorfman SF, Grimes DA, Cates W Jr, et al (2008).Undiagnosed ectopic pregnancy can result in rupture of the fallopian tube with intra-abdominal bleeding, leading to haemorrhagic shock and death. The most common manifestations of ruptured ectopic pregnancy are abdominal pain, light headedness, and vaginal bleeding, which collectively can be of moderate sensitivity but low specificity. The first essential branch point in the majority of guidelines for the management of ectopic pregnancy includes a sensitive qualitative urine β-subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) assay. A negative test result is used to exclude the diagnosis of pregnancy and thereby a possible ectopic gestation. Kingdom JC, Kelly T, MacLean AB, et al (2001). The following case is a rare emergency department presentation of a patient with hemorrhagic shock caused by ruptured ectopic pregnancy in the setting of a repeatedly negative urine pregnancy test result and a very low quantitative β-hCG

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The research gathered through this effort was then drafted and compiled into the “Compendium of Best Practices” and into the OB Hemorrhage Care Guidelines for recognition, response and prevention of OB hemorrhage. The guideline is available in three formats for ease of use including: beside checklist for team care, a table and flowchart to present key points. This also led way to develop a publicly available CMQCC OB Hemorrhage Toolkit for universal application.11 All of these tools allow clinicians act more efficiently in response to OB hemorrhage by defining roles and responsibilities according to the severity of the hemorrhage. Furthermore, key aspects of treatment, such as medication dosing and recommended ratios for replacement of blood products are clearly defined to allow the team to effectively respond to OB

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The Effects of Sepsis Bundle on Mortality Rates: Background and Significance Historians in the medical field such as Hippocrates and Pasture have referenced symptomologies associated with sepsis of today (Angus & Van der Poll, 2013). Sepsis received its official definition of severe sepsis and septic shock in 1992; with terminology being based on the accompanying disease processes present (Angus & Van der Poll, 2013). The definition of severe sepsis indicates the presence of organ dysfunction along with sepsis. Additionally, septic shock is related to the presence of hypotension not responding to fluid resuscitation (Cawcutt, & Peters, 2014). A diagnosis of severe sepsis or sepsis shock has an increased risk of patient mortality, length of stay, and a higher probability of long-term disability (Cawcutt & Peters, 2014; Whittaker, et al. 2015).

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(2013) utilized trans-labial ultrasound for their investigation. The trans-labial scans were performed using the same type of transducer, patient position, and preparation with semi-filled bladders before the scan. The partially filled bladder provided better evaluation of the lower uterine segment for identification of the placenta edge with regard to the inner OS (Elhawaryl et al., 2013). Except for the Pilloni et al.

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Elliott Cole Mr. Jason Long, Instructor EMS Academy 20 January 2016 Anaphylactic Shock Anaphylactic shock and Anaphylaxis are serious medical conditions that are a result of insufficient blood flow throughout the body. Anaphylactic shock refers to severe hypersensitivity or an allergic reaction. Causes of Anaphylaxis often include allergic reaction to foods, medications, or insect stings. Anaphylactic shock on the other hand, is a medical emergency which can lead to other conditions such as a lack of oxygen in the body 's tissues (hypoxia), heart attack, cardiac arrest and even severe organ damage.

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Cardiogenic shock is life threatening so it is important that it is treated right

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•Signs and symptoms: mild discomfort or spotting over a period of several days or weeks, a sensation of pelvic pressure, backache, mild abdominal cramps, change in vaginal discharge, and light vaginal bleeding. •There aren 't any tests that can be done before pregnancy to predict an incompetent cervix. If the fetal membranes are visible and an ultrasound shows signs of inflammation but you don’t have symptoms of infection, a testing done on a sample of amniotic fluid could be done to diagnose or rule out an infection.

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The risks with hysteroscopy are mostly minor in nature because any surgery done is under vision. These occur in not more than 2% of procedures and often resolve by simple measures. There can be puncture of the uterus or cervix by the hysteroscope or the tiny operating instruments used; there may be fluid retention in body, bleeding or infections. Serious complications are rare and are further decreased by use of better systems of electro-cautery. The complication rates are also dependant on the training and expertise of the

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Hypoperfusion refers to inadequate supply of oxygen to the body organs; this is a sign that is associated with the blood. By reducing the blood flow in other parts of the body, it will increase the blood flow to the brain, vital organs and heart. The causes of shocks were excessive loss of blood, excessive pain, infection, heart attack, stroke, poisoning by chemicals, drugs, gases, lack of O2, physiological trauma, dehydration from burns, vomiting and diarrhea. Some symptoms are rapid & weak pulse, rapid breathing, low blood pressure, vomiting/nausea, blurred vision and other signs. In order to treat them, the medical personnels should eliminate the causes of the shock, provide enough blood and oxygen in our body, and there’s different types of injuries, so positioning the shock victim is based on the injury unless the place is dangerous.

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It affects around 5-8% of all pregnancies. When superimposed with convulsions it is termed as eclampsia. Other high-risk factors are multiple pregnancy, hydramnios, and molar pregnancy. It is estimated that around 1400 women dye from pregnancy-related causes

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Septate Uterus Also known as a uterine septum, this is the most common type of congenital uterine malformation, whereby every 1 in 45 women is affected (Danielsson, 2014) (Y.Y. Chan, 2011). This type of uterus is divided by a septum; its extent can range from part of the way to or all the way to the cervix, therefore a woman can either have a partial/complete septate uterus. However, in most circumstances a woman who has a uterine septum will have a partial one (babycentre, 2013). A septate uterus can increase the risk of a miscarriage and can also contribute to one of the causes of a recurrent miscarriage because typically a septum does not have an adequate blood supply, so if an egg were to implant on the septum a placenta would not develop and access nutrients properly (Danielsson,

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According to Avery, O'Brien, Pierce, and Gazarian (2015), “in the United States, 359,400 people experience an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest each year, and less than 9.5% of those people survive” (p. 29). So if any survivors survive, chances of recovering fully is very slim. Therefore, there survivors’ expectation of returning to a normal life are limited due to the neurologic outcome. According to Deckard and Ebright (2011), only about 20% of cardiac arrest survivors who remained comatose have awakened with a good neurologic outcome. Therefore, therapeutic hypothermia improved neurological outcomes after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (Avery et al, 2015).

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“Today I will discussing something that occurs to over fifteen percent of known pregnancies and that is spontaneous abortions, more commonly known as miscarriages. A miscarriage is defined as the loss of an embryo or fetus in the first twenty weeks of pregnancy or the first trimester. The rate of miscarriages could even be higher, however, due to what is considered a “silent miscarriage”, which is when the miscarriage occurs before the woman even knows that she is pregnant, it is difficult to get a more accurate number. Spontaneous abortions tend to occur due to one or more serious or fatal abnormalities. Other factors that have been linked are a mother’s age at the time of pregnancy.

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Regardless of the improvements that have been made there is still a risk of miscarriages as a result. This risk factors can be contributed to the invasiveness of the procedure as well as the time during the pregnancy at which it is performed. The later the genetic testing is performed, the more developed the unborn child is and the later the possible abortion would take place. The two most common forms of testing are ¨amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling¨ (Rebouché and Rothenberg 989). Both of these tests ¨[require] extracting cells from the fetus in utero, either through the mother 's abdomen or vagina¨ (Rebouché and Rothenberg 989).

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Introduction Toxic Shock Syndrome is known as TSS. Toxic shock syndrome is a rare disease; however, when the disease is contracted it can be deadly. Nearly 50% of those diagnosed with the disease will face deadly symptoms. Toxic shock syndrome is often associated with women wearing tampons for too long. However, there are many causes of toxic shock syndrome.

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Hypovolemic shock occurs when the total volume of blood in the body falls well below normal. This can occur when there is excess fluid loss, as in dehydration due to severe vomiting or diarrhea, diseases which cause excess urination (diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, and kidney failure), extensive burns, blockage in the intestine, inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis), or severe bleeding of

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