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Influenza Vaccine Case Study

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Recommended: Introduction to qualitative and quantitative Research methods

Dr. Torres and Classmates,
Avon McKoy and Dawn lee
For patients of 70 years and older, how effective is the use of the influenza vaccine at preventing flu as compared to patients who have not received the vaccine?
Foremost amongst the diseases preventable by vaccination is influenza. Worldwide, influenza virus infection is associated with serious adverse events leading to hospitalization, debilitating complications, and death in elderly individuals. Immunization is considered to be the cornerstone for preventing these adverse health outcomes, and vaccination programs are timed to optimize protection during the annual influenza season (Lang, 2012).
While quantitative research can tell you when, where, and how often things happen, qualitative …show more content…

Provide a clearer understanding. Clear documentation can be provided regarding the content and application of the survey instruments so that other researchers can assess the validity of the findings. Standardized approaches permit the study to be replicated in different areas or over time with the production of comparable findings. It is possible to control for the effects of extraneous variables that might result in misleading interpretations of causality (although this can be challenging in the natural settings of …show more content…

The administration of a structured questionnaire creates an unnatural situation that may alienate respondents. Studies are expensive and time-consuming, and even the preliminary results are usually not available for a long period of time. Research methods are inflexible because the instruments cannot be modified once the study begins. Reduction of data to numbers results in lost information. The correlations produced (e.g., between costs and benefits, gender, and access to services or benefits) may mask or ignore underlying causes or realities.
The rational for choosing this study is that quantitative research methods and measures are usually universal, like formulas for finding mean, median and mode for a set of data. The concepts in quantitative research methods are usually expressed in the forms of variables.

Author. (2012). Qualitative vs. quantitative research. Retrieved from: http://www.aiuniv.edu/Blog/October-2012/Qualitative-Vs-Quantitative-Research#sthash.rMEz9laJ.dpuf
Lang, P.O., Mendes, A. (et al). (2012). Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in aging and older adults: comprehensive analysis of the evidence. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3292388/ doi:

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insufficient progress to date remains less than 50% been made in view of the increasing speed of the HCWs influenza vaccine. Medical workers have identified a number of barriers to vaccination. But eliminate this barrier, and effectively increase the support rates of the multi-faceted program inoculation any inoculation, this program is a recent phenomenon, it was widely. Medical authorities are now considering a mandatory influenza vaccination for health care providers (Sullivan,

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Controlling the spread of infectious diseases through immunization is one of medicine 's most significant accomplishments. Vaccination programs are proven to be a cost-effective means of disease prevention that have saved millions from death. Medical providers play an important role in the promotion of vaccinations; they can promote vaccination by following the standards for Adult Immunization Practice which include a four-step process: ♦ Assess immunization of all patients at every clinical encounter. ♦ Strongly recommend to patients the vaccines that they need.

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P3 research: I will now compare different research methodologies for health and social care. There are two types of research that are commonly used when research projects are being taken out, which aim to benefit health and social care related services. These two types of research are called quantitative research and qualitative research. The difference between these two is how they collect the information they need in different way and use different kinds of sources, but both benefit the health system. Without research being carried out medical professionals/and laboratory scientists would not be able to provide us with improved medications that can improve our health.

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Influenza vaccines direct and indirect medical costs have resulted in an effective cost saving for all ages especially the 65 and up (Carias et al., 2015). The direct and indirect cost of influenza vaccination is associated with many economic principles that ties in with 1) the health outcomes, 2) medical cost, 3) hospitalizations, 4) loss of lives, 5) inpatients admission, 6) over the counter medication, 7) out of patients visits, drug prescription, 9) days lost to work and much more (Carias et al., 2015). Therefore, the overall economic cost of providing vaccination to the population is relevantly high given the above factors that is considerable to weigh the benefits cost of vaccination.

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Yearly influenza immunization among healthcare worker is the most effective plan for stopping influenza, specifically when providing as a section of a widespread influenza immunization program and influenza deterrence program. A broad influenza vaccination program should be complex, consider known obstacles to immunization, and offer important education and training on influenza concerning both the benefits and dangers of delivering influenza vaccination. The implementation of a influenza immunization program can improve healthcare workers immunization rates. The greatest practices for vaccinating healthcare workers are to incorporate influenza immunization programs into their current infection prevention. Healthcare workers will need to arrange

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On the other hand, Bihr gains an audience related advantage of safety values when she addresses the topic of protecting children from harm; Bihr explains that administering vaccines helps protect children from illnesses like the influenza virus or rotavirus. Researchers Ferdinands et al. (2014) found that the “…influenza vaccination was associated with about a three-quarters reduction in risk of influenza-related critical illness in children… Our results highlight the value of increasing the use of influenza vaccines among children” (Ferdinands et al., 2014, p. 681); while Dr. Cave’s (2014) piece, Adolescent refusal of MMR inoculation: F (mother) v F (father), adds that “A global vaccination campaign has led to a 71 per cent drop in measles-related deaths between 2000 and 2011, making a huge impact on the death rate which was estimated at 2.6 million deaths per year in the 1980s” (Cave, 2014, p. 631).

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Influenza season is here again so it is time for everybody to add getting a flu shot to their “to-do” list. It is recommended for everyone to get flu shot from ages 6 months and older (McCarthy 1). It is the obligation of healthcare works and their employers to promote influenza vaccinations to patients and is an annual requirement for the workers as well (Lynkowski 1). Winter season is time for healthcare workers to get in line, roll up their sleeves and consent to treatment for a flu shot. For the hospital, their goal is to get all employees vaccinated, especially those who have direct contact with patients which brings up a number of ethical issues arising from the attempts to implement mandatory flu shots (Dubov 2530).

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Every few years, the flu shot intensifies, increasing the risk of getting the flu. The flu vaccine is created to protect people from viruses, needle wounds, and deaths/hospitalization. People all around the world receive the flu shot to prevent them from getting the flu. According to the Centers for Disease Control And Prevention (CDC), vaccines change every year.

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(Saving Lived, Protecting Others) o One study showed that flu vaccination was associated with a 71% reduction in flu-related hospitalizations among adults of all ages and a 77% reduction among adults 50 years of age and older during the 2011-2012 flu seasons. (Saving Lived, Protecting Others) o Flu vaccination is an important preventive tool for people with chronic health conditions. (Saving Lived, Protecting

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Qualitative Research is primarily analytical research. It provides understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It gives insights into the problem or helps to change ideas. The typical approach used is county-level panel data in this type of study to estimate several linear crime calculations along with how many people are gun owners. Looking at this type of information provides data, from across countries, states, and metropolitan areas, which seems to provide statistically significant associations.

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How would you feel if you discovered that doctors were pushing flu vaccinations on patients just for financial reasons? That, along with many other, is one good point Claire Dowskin brings up in her article “The Truth Behind Flu Shot Mandates for Healthcare Workers”. In some hospitals flu vaccination funding for employees is out of the funding, and in some hospitals, will fire, or not hire, people if they have not, or refuse to receive a flu vaccination, wearing a mask is not even acceptable. Seeing how strict and forceful some hospitals are about flu vaccines would make one think they act this way for a payout for the vaccine distributers. Another way to look at this is how unethical mandatory vaccines are.

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A renowned research group concluded last year that the public health community has been guilty of over-estimating vaccine effectiveness in order to encourage vaccination (Babcock, Gemeinhart, Jones, Dunagan, & Woeltje, 2010). According to the CDC (2015), effectiveness of the vaccine varies from year to year so there is no guarantee that nurses who receive the vaccination would be protected from the flu virus and therefore no protection of patient results from having the vaccination. A medical literature review in July, 2013, found vaccinated health-care workers had no measurable benefit on flu rates or the number of related complications of long-term-care residents (Weeks, 2014) . The Center for Disease Control and Prevention found the quality of evidence for reduced influenza death and total number of cases among patients to be moderate and low, respectively (Weeks,

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Although this method seems fair, it may not produce the most desirable outcome. Elderly folks are more receptive to disease prevention methods and can fully understand safety procedures compared to young school children. It would be more efficient to vaccinate a larger number of school children as they are unaware of preventative safety measures and are constantly interacting with other students. From these conclusions, I propose that vaccinating 80 school children and 20 older folks would be the best alternative. In this method, the remaining 20 school children who were not vaccinated would be shielded from the disease because of herd immunity.

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One of the health objectives in the United States for 2010 was to achieve HCW vaccination rates of coverage of 61.9% (Nowalk, Lin, Raymund, Bialor, & Zimmerman, 2013). Frequently reported barriers to vaccination among HCP include concerns about adverse reactions, low perceived vaccine efficacy, low perceived susceptibility to influenza infection, and inconvenience (Nowalk et al., 2013). Recent literature suggests that vaccine coverage rates among HCP can be increased beyond the Healthy People 2020 goal of 90% by requiring vaccination as a condition of employment, and many institutions have recently moved forward with mandatory employee influenza vaccination programs (Bellia, Setbon, Zylberman, & Flahault, 2013). In addition, the Joint Commission infection control standard has required that accredited hospitals, long-term care facilities, and home health providers evaluate healthcare personnel vaccination coverage annually and take appropriate measures to increase it (Naleway, et al., 2014). Despite these recommendations and standards, HCW rates of influenza

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There are also flu vaccines made to protect against four flu viruses (called “quadrivalent” vaccines). These vaccines protect against the same viruses as the trivalent vaccine and an additional B virus. The different kinds of flu shots are approved for the different age groups. Most flu shots are given in the arm (muscle) with a needle. One trivalent vaccine formulation can be given with a jet injector, for people between the ages of 18 and 64 years and there is also a nasal spray, used mainly in toddlers (ages two through five) and the elderly (70 years old and up).

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