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Pavlov's Principles Of Classical Conditioning

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INTRODUCTION Ivan Pavlov (1849 – 1936), a Russian physiologist, wrote extensively about classical conditioning after an accidental finding while conducting research on the digestive system of dogs. In the course of his research, Pavlov noticed that the dogs began to salivate merely at his approach and not just at the sight of any food. Pavlov then began to conduct a series of conditioning experiments. Prior to conditioning the unconditioned stimulus, that is the meat, would produce the unconditioned response of salivation. Pavlov paired the neutral stimulus, a bell, with the unconditioned stimulus which was the food. After several pairings of the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, Pavlov found that the dogs would salivate to …show more content…

Associations are commonplace in life and can be useful for survival even across species. For instance, a child’s association of pain upon touching the flame from a candle will result in the child knowing not to touch the flame again. However, some learned associations can result in disorders which can cause clinically significant impairments in social, occupational and work functioning to the extent that they require treatment. Many sources of fear and anxiety, for instance are learned or highly conditionable. At the same time, principles of classical conditioning can be used to treat a variety of disorders resulting in improved mental health for both children and adolescents alike. KEY PRINCIPLES OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Acquisition For learning to take place there must be an association between a neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Repeated pairings result in the acquisition of learning. The conditioned stimulus predicts the presentation of the unconditioned stimulus. For example for the child whose parent always brings him a treat when he gets home from work, the parent will become the predictor that the desired stimulus is about to follow. That is the child learns to associate the return of his father with the treat. …show more content…

It has been applied in various contexts including emotional management, motivation and therapy of psychological disorders. Watson and Rayner (1920) as cited in Seligman et al (2001) conducted a series of conditioning experiments on Little Albert in which they conditioned him to fear a white rat. By pairing a loud noise, which Little Albert feared, with the presentation of the rat several times, Watson and Rayner conditioned Little Albert to fear white rats too. The boy’s fear quickly became generalised not just to fear of rats but also to the fear of rabbits, dogs and even a fur coat. Their experiment showed that fear could be conditioned though it was later criticised on ethical bases. Jones (1924) subsequently conducted counter-conditioning in Peter, who was afraid of white rabbits. Jones gave Peter some food he enjoyed as he was eating she brought a rabbit into the room he was in. After a series of trials in which she brought the rabbit closer and closer to Peter as he ate, she was able to eliminate the fear of rabbits in

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Innocent or Guilty on Bruno Hauptmann What struck me about this case was that the baby was found dead not far from the house. I think that the kidnappers just abandoned baby Charles Jr. once they realized he was dead. Bruno Richard Hauptmann was arrested, tried and executed for killing the baby. Although Hauptmann was found with the money,I can’t believe that he acted alone. At the trial, the witnesses were unreliable, the police work was sloppy and the kidnapping was too big of a job for one person.

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Behavior therapy was studied by Ivan Pavlov and his famous dog study in which dogs were conditioned to salivate upon hearing a bell. It was later continued to be studied by John Watson who has the famous “Little Albert” study in which an 11-month old infant was conditioned to be scared of fuzzy white things because a rat was paired with a loud noise. The conclusion of the two conditioning experiences was that, behaviors followed by satisfying experiences tend to increase in frequency and behaviors followed by aversive experiences tend to decrease in frequency” (Thoma, 2015). Watson’s assistant Mary Jones, used this principle to clinical applications reasoning that, “if conditioning could be used to induce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well” (Thoma, 2015). Thus, behavior therapy was developed and began being used for

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John B. Watson and his assistant Rosalie Rayner conducted an experiment called the “Little Albert” experiment. It was a psychology experiment performed to demonstrate the effects of behavioral conditioning in humans. John was influence by the studies of Ivan Pavlov, where he used conditioning process in dogs. John want to prove that taking Pavlov’s research a step further could show how emotional reactions could be classically conditioned in humans. John used an 9 month old boy to be the subject of the little Albert experiment.

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1.Classical conditioning is a learning process first discovered by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in the early 1900s. The theory of Classical Conditioning deals with the learning process leading us to gain a new behavior via the process of association. Internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms play a huge role in associative learning. Classical Conditioning works by pairing involuntary response with stimulus. After which, unconditioned response becomes conditioned response.

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Alex was conditioned to react in a passive manner when confronted with any action that could be considered ultra-violence. Classical conditioning experiments have been performed on humans with a large degree of success. One of the most notable and most controversial classical conditioning experiments done on humans was Watson’s “Little Albert” experiment. This experiment was conducted to test the fear response in humans. The experiment started off by introducing Albert to several animals, a white rat, monkey, bunny and a dog (Creelan).

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This 1970 film is based on true events in a French forest where a child is found who cannot walk, speak, read, or write (IMDb, n.d.). The film emphasizes the pain of adolescence as Dr. Jean Itard takes on the challenge of Victor, a non-verbal wild boy found abandoned in the woods (Rotten Tomatoes, 2018). Realizing the institute’s cruel methods, Dr. Itard brings Victor to his home to implement communication techniques through kindness and compassion towards Victor (Rotten Tomatoes, 2018). The film demonstrates the implications that an individual may face after experiencing social isolation for a majority of their lifetime. Classical conditioning suggests that everything from speech to emotional responses was simply patterns of stimulus and response (McLeod, 2014).

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He persisted to hypothesize that we do have to learn to be surprised or frightened, it happens automatically. John organized tests to reveal that we do not have to learn to be afraid, but what objects we fear must be learned. An unconditioned stimulus is a sudden, loud noise. The unconditioned stimulus is for the unconditioned response of fear. The conditioned response of fear is known as a conditioned emotional response (CER).

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According to Rathus (2015) classical conditioning is basically learning to identify occurrences or events with other events (p. 125). My aversion with seafood and classical conditioning is associated with the smell of seafood. When the aroma of seafood is around, I will immediately breathe out of my mouth, or flee to another space. Chapter Six

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Nevertheless, Skinner points out that children learn nothing from the punishment. Instead, they may start to work out how to avoid it (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Another concept is classical conditioning (classical behaviorism) that emphasizes on the relation between stimuli and response. This concept embodies in a famous experiment, in which the food is presented to the dog when the bell rings, and the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus for the dog (Nolan & Raban, 2015). Likewise, if children receive toys in the condition that they behave well, then they will probably repeat this behavior to get the toys.

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Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

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Chapter three deals with procedures based in the principles of “respondent conditioning”, also known as Classical or Pavlovian conditioning. Classical conditioning is different than “operant conditioning”, in which a behavior is modified through its consequences, known as a reinforcer or punisher. These behaviors are called operant behaviors or voluntary. However, this chapter focuses on “respondent behavior”.

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The major key findings that were discovered in this study include the idea that it is possible that after being conditioned to react to a certain stimulus, the subject could possibly begin to generalize different objects that may cause the subject to react the same way towards the generalized stimuli as the subject did to the original stimulus. Another finding is that classical conditioning is something that could potentially have a long lasting effect on someone, especially if the subject formed a generalization to the original stimulus. The researchers felt that because of the lack of experimental evidence provided about the subject before this experiment prompted them to research it

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Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. The theory of classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior through a process of association. Meaning that two stimuli are linked together to create a newly learned response. There are three stages of classical conditioning, before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning (Mc Leod, 2014). Watson’s theory also involved the conditioning of emotions.

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Ivan Pavlov and Burrhus Frederic Skinner are the behaviourist theorists I studied. Pavlov’s theory of classical conditioning became well known, his work encouraged others like Skinner to study and develop his own theory of operant conditioning. The “A,B,C” behaviour model of positive reinforcement is used in many early childhood settings. Skinner believed the best way to understand the behaviour is to look at the cause of the action and its consequence. I observed the ECCE setting for practical examples of numeracy and literacy.

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In 1913, the behaviorist movement began with the studies of John Broadus Watson (1878-1958), a pioneering figure in the development of the psychological school of behaviorism. He published an article entitled ' 'Psychology as the behaviorist views it ' ' in which he had the impression that psychology shouldn 't deal with what the people say that they think or feel, in other words, he reduced and dehumanized the human mind and its consciousness. To put it differently, he asserted a claim that the study of the human mind would be concerned only with people 's actions and behavior. Watson 's work relied upon the experiments of Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936), a Russian Nobel laureate psychologist who had worked on animals ' responses to conditioning. For instance, in his best-known experiment, Pavlov rang a bell and then gave a dog some food.

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