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Kimmel Chapter 4 Summary

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Recommended: Strengths and weaknesses of freud's psychosexual stages of development

In Chapter 4 the author of the book Kimmel talks about psychological perspectives of gender development. In the readings we could see that the author includes some theories that help us to understand how gender development is related to psychological perspectives. In this chapter the author of the book included some of the psychoanalysis done by Freud. It is explained in the readings that gender is acquired and determined by biology because males and females learn to identify the differences of sexes at an early stage. For instance, it is mentioned in chapter 4 that both sexes go through the oral stage which is where gratification is breast feeding. The second stage is anal stage where toddlers learn to control excretions; the last stage is
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Therefore, the stages are prenatal, infancy, toddlerhood, early school, middle school, early adolescence, later adolescence, early adulthood, middle

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Statistics show that girls are continuing to be more competent than boys. Kimmel argues that they “feminize” boys by “forcing active, healthy, and naturally exuberant boys to conform to a regime of obedience.” This is going against their nature, which

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Every child is different so they can not all go through the exact same stages at the exact same

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Burak defines gender socialization as “the process of interaction through which we learn the gender norms of our culture and acquire a sense of ourselves as feminine, masculine, or even androgynous” (Burack, 1). According to Burack, people of different genders behave differently not due to biological factors, but due to socialization that teaches individuals to behave in a particular way in order to belong to a certain gender. For example, women may tend to be nurturing, not because they are biologically programed to be caretakers, but as a result of society teaching them through toys and media to act as mothers. In this way, gender becomes a performance based on expectations rather than natural behaviors or biology, a phenomenon called “doing

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During this stage, the child will develop from being

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Perhaps one of the most fascinating yet depressing studies on gender, its fluidity, and how oppressive it can be is the case of David Reimer. In Chapter 3 of "Undoing Gender" by Judith Butler, this situation was studied in detail and psychoanalyzed. When Reimer was extremely young (under a year old), his penis was damaged and had to be removed, so psychiatrist John Money stepped in and told Reimer's parents that they could have sex reassignment surgery, raise David as a girl, and he'd live a normal and happy life. David was thus renamed Brenda and was brought up as female. Around age eight, however, Brenda started exhibiting traditionally masculine behaviors such as wanting to play with trucks and toy guns.

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The first stage is known as the denial stage,

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Sexual Identity In “Gender Socialization and Identity Theory” by Michael J. Carter, he asserts gender identity originates with the family. The writer maintains that families are the agents of identity socialization. Carter argues that beginning with infancy children are taught how they are expected to socialize primarily by their families, simply due to the continuous contact with one another, boys are dressed in blue while girls are dressed in pink. The author plainly elucidates children gain knowledge of homophily through playmates by self-segregation into homogeneous groups.

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However, this has depicted much early gender role behaviour. Kohlberg’s theory is thought to exaggerate the importance of cognitive factors in gender identification. In contrast, gender identity does seem to develop through the three stages suggested by Kohlberg, as Munroe et al. (1984) found across cultures as mentioned above. Another input that is in favour of cognitive development theory is the notion that gender development involves children actively experiencing their surrounding environments is beneficial, as is the notion that the way in which they interact with

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Gender is a biological characteristic as well as a social construct based on the characteristics of males and females. The way an individual sees themselves is termed gender identity. However, the expectations that society places on certain genders can be labeled as gender roles or gender-typing. It is a popular belief that children begin knowing if they are a boy or girl before the age of two years old. From early on everyone in a child’s life helps him or her shape their idea of what being a girl or boy is about.

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1033 Words | 5 Pages

This assignment explores Erik Erickson's Psychosocial Development theory as well as Sigmund Freud's Theory of Psychosexual Development. With each comparative stage, I will provide a brief description surrounding Freud's version followed by that of Erickson's version. After defining both perspectives regarding the stages of development, I will draw comparisons and connections between the two theories. Through thoroughly defining and comparing both theories similarities, dissimilarities and influences we can easily determine what makes each theory unique. SIGMOND FREUD

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The second stage is the anal stage. It occurs at the age of eighteen months to three years. Freud believed that in this stage children receive pleasure from holding and letting go of their bowel movements. Third is the phallic stage. It starts at age three and end around age seven.

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These five stages includes: 1- Oral stage - From Birth to 1 year 2- Anal stage - 1 year to 3 year 3- Phallic stage - 3 year to 6 year 4- Latency stage - 6 year to 12 year

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If the child is fulfilled with these needs, the child develops trust. Stage 2: (1 to 3 years) Freud called this stage as Anal Stage of development. In this stage, children gain sense of mastery by controlling erogenous zone or in other word it is anal region. Children who are succeeded in this stage are capable and productive.

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The first stage is a sensorimotor stage. This stage

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