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Long Term Memory Retrieval

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The brain is divided into two hemispheres: the left hemisphere which is in-charge of analytic function, and the right hemisphere which is assigned for creative thought. Located in the medial temporal lobe is a seahorse-shaped part called the hippocampus. It deals with the emotions and the memory. The memory is a process of three: encoding, storage, and retrieval. The memory encoding can either auditory, olfactory, tactile, gustatory, kinesthetic, or semantic. The memory storage classifies to two formations: the long term memory and the short-term memory. And the memory retrieval is the information recovered after storing. The accuracy of memory retrieval is one of the many things that people need everyday, without realizing it. The purpose
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Another structure in retrieval of information is the frontal lobe (McDaniel et al. 1999). McDaniel, Glisky, Rubin, Guynn, Routhieaux (1999), found that participants with high-functioning frontal lobes compared to low-functioning frontal lobes performed better in prospective memory. This observation came from conducting a study by giving participants a multiple-choice test and eight target questions that appeared throughout the test. High-functioning frontals allows for associating the questions with the right letter and associating the eight spontaneous cues with the right letter but the low-functional frontals capture to much attention just on the multiple-choice questions and cannot register the eight cues. Similarly, focal performance on prospective memory has positive correlations between the hippocampus and parahippocampal in brain volume, while the hippocampus has the strongest correlation (Gordon0020et al. 2011).

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Long term memory is known to be the part of the brain that stores information over an extended or potentially infinite amount of time. It is now accepted that there are more than one long-term memory systems. A significant difference between types of long-term memory is the difference between declarative memory and non-declarative memory which consist of dissimilar features. Non-declarative memories are forms of memory that influence behaviour such as procedural memory (knowing how to perform skilled actions) and priming (processing a stimulus due to the previous presentation of a stimulus associated to it). Conversely, declarative memory is the conscious remembrance of information including semantic memory (facts) and episodic memory (events).

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However, contradictory results on this relationship have been found when the hippocampus was observed as a whole. When Ostby et al investigated the neural correlates of memory performance in children and adolescents after a 30 min and 1week delay, they found a positive correlation between hippocampal volume and memory performance (2009). Other studies (e.g., Sowell, Delis, Stiles, & Jernigan, 2001; Yurgelun-Todd, Killgore, & Cintron, 2003) found a weak negative correlation or no correlation. It is important to examine associations between hippocampal volume and development of episodic memory separately along the longitudinal axis of the hippocampus (head, body, and tail) because regional specificity has been shown to contribute to hippocampal function (e.g. Gogtay et al. 2006; Insausti et al.

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The examples tell us that our memory does not have everything readily available to us, and that sometimes we need particular triggers from our senses (like playing with a lock) in order to remember a specific memory. They also tell us that most things are stored in our memories, even if it is unintentional, like an odour. However, even if things are in our memory, we still may not be able to retrieve them (like the teachers' name). Another thing the examples tell us is that not everything is coded into our long term memory (like the phone number), especially if we, or our brain, consider it to be not overly important. This example also shows that it is helpful to have different types of memory.

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The biological approach to the basis of memory is explained in terms of underlying biological factors such as the activity of the nervous system, genetic factors, biochemical and neurochemicals. In general terms memory is our ability to encode, store, retain and recall information and past experiences afterwards in the human brain. In biological terms, memory is the recreation of past experiences by simultaneous activation or firing of neurons. Some of the major biopsychological research questions on memory are what are the biological substrates of memory, where are memories stored in the brain, how are memories assessed during recall and what is the mechanism of forgetting. The two main reasons that gave rise to the interest in biological basis of memory are that researchers became aware of the fact that many memory deficits arise from injuries to the brain.

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These memories are typically acquired through repetition and practice, and are composed

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Amnesia can be defined as “the loss of memory due to physical and/or psychological conditions” (Chara and Chara, 2013). It is often attributed to memory loss for a specific period of time. There are different types of amnesia, including organic, psychogenic, transient and persistent (Baddeley, Kopelman, and Wilson 2003). Often two different types of memory functioning are exhibited in amnesia, anterograde and retrograde. Anterograde memory is information that is gained following the onset of an injury or disease, and retrograde memory is the information that was obtained before the event happened (Baddeley at al., 2003).

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Introduction Memory in general is defined as the process that involves retaining or storing information and retrieving or remembering the information without the presence of the original stimuli (Goldstein, 2011). Memory is broken down into two compartments short term memory and long term memory. Short term memory holds information for a brief period of time, while long term memory tend to hold information for a longer period of time. Association memory is part of the long-term memory. Association memory is the capacity to learn and retrieve information between two distinct stimuli and associate them with one another (Goldstein, 2011).

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Many psychologists are interested in the study of memory processes. Memory processes include encoding, storage and retrieval. Encoding and storage are the first parts of the memory process; when an individual sees, hears, feels, smells or taste something, the brain will convert that idea so that it can be stored in the brain as a memory. Retrieval refers to the process of remembering a memory that was previously encoded and stored in the brain. Research on memory processes is related to cognitive psychology.

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It is known to researchers that humans have many types of memory which are; Explicit, Implicit, Autobiographical and Morpheus Memories. Explicit memory

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“The ability to recollect past events and to bring learned facts and ideas back to mind.” (Foster, 2002) Types of Memory According to the Multi Store Model of Human Memory proposed by Atkinson and Shiffirin, memory is of three different types: (Atkinson & Shiffrin, 1968) 1. Sensory Memory: Based on the principle of Dual Channel, visual and auditory information enter the sensory memory through separate, independent channels (Low & Sweller, 2014).

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