1. INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPY
A microscope is an instrument used to see objects that are very small for the naked eye. The science of examining small objects using such a tool is called microscopy. Microscopic means invisible to the eye except aided by a microscope.
2. HISTORY
FIRST Zacharias Jansen (1580–1638) invented a compound lightmicroscope and after that Antony van Leeuwenhoek in 1632–1723 invented a simple (one-lens) microscope that earned a lot of importance worldwide. Robert Hooke in 1635–1703 further refined the compound microscope by adding the part STAGE in it. Carl Zeiss (1816–1888) and Ernst Abbe (1840–1905) were the two business man and they added the sub stage, condenser and established superior lenses.
3. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF MICROSCOPY
There are four basic principles on which microscopy is dependent which are as follows,
i. Wavelength of radiation ii. Magnification iii. Resolution iv. Contrast
i. Wavelength of radiation
The range of visible light is 400-700nm. Different rays have different wavelengths as shown in fig 1. So, before the experimentation one should know the specific wavelength of a particular radiation
ii. Light refraction and image magnification
Light is refracted when it enters from a medium of light into glass. When a light bends while passing through a lens, then light rays are focused at a point that particular point is known as Focal point and due to which a larger image of the object is observed.
Unit D Summary: Light and Geometric Optics
10.1 : Light and The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Chapter 10.1 covers light and the electromagnetic spectrum. This chapter starts off by describing how light is a form of energy that travels in waves. The properties of said waves include a crest (the highest point of the wave), the trough (the lowest point of the wave), and the rest position (the level of a wave without energy).
Describe the main difference between a compound light microscope and a dissecting scope. The main difference between a compound light microscope and a dissecting scope is that a light microscope has a higher resolution and a dissecting scope displays the image in a 3D form.
6. a. Distinguish between magnification and resolution? The difference between magnification and resolution is that magnification refers to how large an object appears compared to its actual size, while resolution describes how clear the specimen can be viewed in the microscope.
The invention of the microscope help the development of the cell theory by allowing them to see the cell clearly and know the most amount of information about new discoveries.
2a. How do microscopes work?
1845: Elias Howe invented a new type of sewing machine. It stitched on both sides of the material.
1839: An Austrian tailor Josef Madersperger designed several machines during the early 1800’s including a machine to sew caps.
In the first part of the experiment, Part A, the standard solutions were prepared. As a whole, the experiment was conducted by four people, however, for Part A, the group was split in two to prepare the two different solutions. Calibrations curves were created for the standard solutions of both Red 40 and Blue 1. Each solution was treated with a serial 2-fold dilution to gain different concentrations of each solution.
The laws of reflection and refraction can be shown using Huygens’ principle as well. The concept of diffraction occurs when a wave bends in a way other than reflection or refraction. Diffraction occurs to some degree in every shadow. The amount of diffraction depends on the wavelength and the size of the obstruction that casts
In 1912, motorized cameras were invented. Also in 1912, the tank was patented.
Charles Franklin Kettering invented the first automobile electrical ignition system in 1911. Arthur Wynne invented crosswords in 1913.
Cadaver dissections began being performed, which lead to advanced knowledge of the human anatomy. During this time, it was discovered that the Earth revolved around the sun, not the opposite. Mathematics was studied and furthered to help in architectural buildings. The scientific method was also furthered during this period by performing controlled experiments, forming hypotheses, and interpreting data. The microscope and telescope were invented during the Renaissance as well.
1.1 Abstract
The purpose of quantitative analysis of protein using a spectrophotometer is to measure the concentration of proteins in a given sample. The experiment is conducted by laboratory method (Biuret Test) and using spectrophotometer to analyze the absorbance of reactants at 540 nm, hence determining the concentration of the proteins in a given sample.
The purpose of stopped enzyme assay to study B-galactosidase is to determine the effect of temperature and concentrations of substrate on enzyme activity.
Light absorption occurs when atoms or molecules take up the energy of a light and reduces the transmission of light. The absorbance will increase with an increase in concentration while the transmittance will decrease with an increase in
Annotated Bibliography for the Technical Concept: Laser Surgery in Veterinary Medicine
Article Four
Calin, M. & Coman, T. (2010, October 26). The Laser in Veterinary Medicine. Turkish Journal of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (Impact Factor: 0.24). 01/2011; 35(5). DOI: 10.3906/vet-1010-543
Lasers can be used for multiple surgeries in veterinary medicine.
One of those developments is the invention of the refracting telescope by Hans. Hans Lippershey also known as Johann Lippershey invented the telescope in 1604. The telescope is basically an instrument that makes far objects become much nearer and it is used by astronomers to see the universe and study stuff about it. Another main invention is the invention of the air pump by Otto von Guericke. The air pump is used to fill stuff like a bike with air.
this shows that most of the common day materials and electronics can be traced back to the time when Thomas Edison was inventing when he was just 16. Edison invented the automatic reaper. This allowed for people to
Jaspreet Singh
Professor Paratore
Biology 1
November 1, 2014
Spectrophotometry
Identifying Solutes and Determining Their Concentration
Statement of the Exercise or of the Problem
The purpose of the lab experiment was to attain the following objectives:
• Learning to Operate the Spectrophotometer
• Construct absorption spectra for cobalt chloride and chlorophyll.
Hypothesis
If greater and higher concentrations of cobalt chloride are added to each solution then greater amounts of light would be absorbed by each solution. Thus a liner relationship will result in which the absorbance of a substance would be proportional to its concentration, which will be depicted, in a linear graph.
