ipl-logo

Parallel Search

1134 Words5 Pages

Memory is categorized into short term and long-term systems. In which, the system of short-term memory is known for holding information for a few seconds. If information stored in short term memory is not transferred to long-term memory; for a permanent storage, the memory of the items is decay. Researchers have looked into the existence of short-term memory. Within memory their properties and theory in how information is retrieved and encoded. The two types of retrieval theories is serial and parallel search. Serial search assumes that individuals scan items in short term memory one at a time, while parallel search assumes that individuals scan items all at once. Additionally, other properties that function in memory is self terminating; which …show more content…

What seem to be important and what many researchers investigate and explore is how symbolic memory is retrieved from short-term memory.
Saul Sternberg (1966) developed an experimental approach to explore how symbolic memory is retrieved from STM. Specifically he looked into the effects of the number of elements in memory on response latency. Response latency is measured by which subjects note the test stimulus to the occurrence of the response. Sternberg examined the types of retrieval theories in which he hypothesis, if parallel processing occurred, the length of the display should not influence the reaction time, but if serial processing occurred, the reaction time should increase with an increase in the length of the display. Sternberg ran a series of experiments so that he could test parallel and serial STM search. Overall, the experiment consisted of subject being instructed first to memorize a short series of symbols, where on each trial a …show more content…

M. Van Gerven, Fred Paas, Jeroen J. G. Van Merriënboer, Henk G. Schmidt, (2004) investigate the effect of memory load on the cognitive pupillary response while conducting a Sternberg’s memory search task. In which, the researchers wanted to see if they came across the same findings as Sternberg (1966) and if there’s a difference in age by examining their pupillary response. The study was consisted of 16 young adults and 16 older adults. The memory search task involves two phases. In the encoding phase, participants are required to remember a specific number of randomly selected digits (ranging from 0 to 9), none of which happens more than once. The number of digits in the memory set varies from one to six. In the search phase, the participant is given a succession of randomly selected single digit probes. In each trial, the participant has to decide as quickly as possible whether a probe belongs to the memory set (i.e., positive probe) or not (i.e., negative probe). Van Gerven et.al (2004) results suggest the reaction times of the elderly participants increased more as a function of memory load than the reaction times of the young participants. As well for pupillary response the young participants had greater pupil dilation than older participant when there was an increase in memory load (set size). Both of these finding demonstrated that older and young participants took longer to respond when memory load increased, but just older participant took even longer.

Show More
Related
721 Words | 3 Pages

The Stroop Effect and the Horse Race Model Phenomena Rochelle Hall City University of New York- Brooklyn College Abstract Introduction The Stroop test phenomena was first introduced to the world of Experimental Psychology by J.R. Stroop in the year 1935. This landmark article has since influenced the research and publication of over 700 other Stroop-related articles. MacLeod (1991, p. 163).

Read More
1902 Words | 8 Pages

4.0 Methods The experiment examined the efficiency of 10 test subject in memorising and reproducing a pattern of numbers, firstly in a grid of 6x6 boxes with the numbers 1-10 randomly ordered throughout. There were two trials in the experiment. Two different sequences were used for each trial which was no music, rock music and Mozart for the trial 1 but for trial 2 it was rock music, no music and then symphony. During the experiment, each subject was seated and a blank identical test paper was given to them.

Read More
795 Words | 4 Pages

Professor John Gabrieli and Michael Anderson, a psychology associate professor at the University of Oregon conducted the experiment. Where 24 people between the ages of 19 and 31 were given 36 pairs of nouns that were not related and asked to memorize them. After a few minutes they were able to remember them. This experiment was documented using a functional magnetic resonance imaging machine to view the brains processes. They were then asked to only remember the first words and forget the pairs while more scans were taken.

Read More
1428 Words | 6 Pages

Atkinson, R. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. Some speculations on storage and retrieval processes in long-term memory. Technical Report 127, Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, 1968. Thorndike, E. L. (1898). Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals.

Read More
350 Words | 2 Pages

According to Weber & Johnson (2009), higher cognition levels are present when an individual has an initial perception of a situation or task. The

Read More
521 Words | 3 Pages

Outline and evaluate the working memory model: The working memory model was proposed by Baddeley and Hitch 1974 in response to criticism of the multi store model. They did not think that short term memory was a single unitary store, as the multi-store model of memory had suggested. In contrast, they believed that short term memory consisted of several components, an alliance of several temporary systems working together. The central executive directs attention to certain information, and essentially shares out the incoming sensory information, controlling the flow of information to and from the slave systems. It also has a very limited capacity, which is shown in the study by Bunge et al (2000), where an fMRI was used to observe what areas

Read More
608 Words | 3 Pages

The first piece of evidence in document 2 is “Imagine filling a bathtub with a thimble; that's the challenge involved in moving information from working memory into long-term memory.” This quote shows that it's hard to remember things when we're overwhelmed with too much information at once. The second piece of evidence from the document is “Psychologists refer to the information flowing into our working memory as our cognitive load. When the load exceeds our mind's ability to process and store it, we're unable to retain the information or to draw connections with other memories.” This shows that our ability to remember things is limited by how much our minds can handle at

Read More
1263 Words | 6 Pages

Our Ecological Footprint gives a measurement of the land and water ecosystems needed to provide our resources. Each of us has areas of the earth that is dedicated to our consumption of resources, use of land, and waste emissions. The average Ecological Footprint per person living in the United States is 9.4 global hectares. This means each person’s lifestyle demands around twenty-four acres of biologically productive area. To sustain a global population with our habits, we would require 4.6 Earths.

Read More
520 Words | 3 Pages

Due to the results from the first experiment being insignificant Stroop conducted a second experiment that was slightly different. Participants were told to name colours rather than read words. There were again two conditions, the first condition participants said the colour of the coloured square and in the second conditions the participants read a word list printed in incongruent colours and said the colour of the ink and not the word. The results show that many participants took longer to do the second condition compared to the first. Many participants made more mistakes doing the second list as they were saying the word not the ink colour.

Read More
451 Words | 2 Pages

Likewise, Cohen and his colleagues also restructured Stroops experiment, with a focus on aging while also employing a computerized version of the test. Our experiment conducted in class is recognized as a replication study, as it ultimately reproduces the Stroop experiment. The particular purpose of our study was to examine the interference effect, and in order to accomplish this we used Stroop Application Testing. The interference effect occurs when previously knowledge interferes with current task

Read More
1358 Words | 6 Pages

How reliable are the two models or theories of the cognitive process of memory, “|…|the process of maintaining information over time” (Matlin, 2005) , known as the multistore model (MSM) and the levels of processing model (LOP)? Both of these models have been widely criticized, but simultaneously they have improved our knowledge and understanding of how the process of memory works. In this essay both of these models of memory will be evaluated by presenting the strengths and limitations of each. The first model, the multistore model, was put forward by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) which suggests that the concept of memory involves three stores; the sensory stores, the short-term store (STS), and the long-term store (LTS).

Read More
660 Words | 3 Pages

Participants were required to have three eye movements. There were one central box and four peripheral boxes, two were next to the central box and the other two were below the top peripheral boxes. The first eye movement required moving from the central box to one of peripheral boxes with a digit at the bottom (EM1). The second movement made from the box with digit to the box with a different digit (EM2). Participants had to read the digit one by one and back to the brightening central box at the end.

Read More
974 Words | 4 Pages

If information stored in the short-term memory is not learned and given attention, it will decay over time (Schunk 2012, p. 183). The short-term memory has a small capacity, and large amounts of information cannot all be stored (Schunk 2012, p. 183). To make it esier, information can be shortened or broken up to fit it in the short-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). Information that is used will be transferred into the long-term store/ long-term memory (Schunk 2012, p. 183). There are different strategies to strengthen the memory of information from short-term to long-term.

Read More
1873 Words | 8 Pages

Working memory is important for learning. However, it is extremely limited in both capacity and duration (Atkinson & Shriffin, 1968). When engaging in a learning task, the learner must make use of working memory capacity, and hence a load is placed upon that memory (Sweller, 2010). When the cognitive load exceeds the limit of working memory capacity, learning will be affected. Effective instructional methods that can support limited short term storage and limited working memory processes are being used in classroom to maximise the learning (Dehn, 2008).

Read More
1061 Words | 5 Pages

In the viewpoint of perceptual load theory, stimulus differences happen when the stimulus has high or low perceptual load. The perceptual load discusses complications of the physical stimuli, especially the distractor stimuli, for example, a right-angled symbol surrounded by a rounded symbol is when there is a perceptual load which is low and when there is a right-angled symbol enclosed by heaps of dissimilar symbols this is high perceptual load. Because of the supposed inadequate volume of noticeable materials, in high perceptual loaded studies the aim of noticeable materials is worn out earlier thus enabling to react to the goal quicker in contrast to a lower loaded perceptual

Read More

More about Parallel Search

Related Topics

Open Document