Pathophysiology: Increased bone resorption or decreased bone, aging because of decreasing supply of osteoblasts, estrogen deficiency, Calcium deficiency, Vitamin D deficiency, Bone fractures, Etiology: Low peak bone mass, being a women, smaller body frame size, lowered sex hormones, excess thyroid, low calcium intake, eating disorders, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption, tobacco use. Manifestations: Back pain, loss of height, stooped posture, bone fractures occur easily. Possible complications: Bone fractures in spine or hip. Treatments: Walking, & Medication Pathophysiology: Vitamin D deficiency, hypocalcaemia, renal phosphorus loss, decreased calcium in bone, calcification of osteoid. Etiology: Lack of Vitamin D from sunlight or foods, Problems with Vitamin D absorption: Celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cystic fibrosis, and kidney problems …show more content…
Possible complications: Failure to grow, skeletal deformities, abnormally curved spine, dental defects, seizures. Treatment: Vit D & Calcium supplements, special bracing or surgery for spinal deformities Pathophysiology: synovial hypertrophy, chronic joint inflammation, Abnormal production of many cytokines, chemokines, and other inflammatory mediators, destruction of various tissues, like bone, tendons, ligaments, & blood vessels. Etiology: Genetics, hyperprolactinemia, and infectious agents, like Mycoplasma, EBV, and rubella virus. Manifestations: Tender, warm, swollen joints, morning stiffness, firm bumps of tissue under arm skin, fatigue, fever, and weight loss. Possible complications: Osteoporosis, carpal tunnel syndrome, hardened and blocked arteries, heart inflammation, & lung