ipl-logo

Platelet Activating Factor Case Study

1010 Words5 Pages

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) or phospholipid, 1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine is a phospholipid activator and mediator of leukocyte functions that has many physiological actions. It was discovered and many studies have been done to characterize its messenger functions as a phospholipid.1 PAF is produced by many different cell types such as leukocytes, platelets, mast cells and vascular endothelial cells. PAF amplifies inflammatory responses by promoting leukocyte activation and platelet aggregation.4 PAF is regulated by an enzyme, PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which hydrolyzes PAF rendering it biologically inactive.2 It is important to study PAF regulation by researching the enzymes involved in its degradation to understand …show more content…

It binds to receptors on the plasma membranes of other cells and then activates them, changing their phenotypes.1 PAF transmits signals between cells acting as a hormone, cytokine, or other signaling type molecule and this can trigger inflammatory and thrombotic cascades. If left unregulated by a deficiency in the PAF-AH enzyme used to regulate it, PAF signaling can cause inflammation. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease where the fluid between joints becomes inflamed and this disease may have PAF involved.3

PAF is synthesized (Fig. 2) through one of two enzymatic pathways, one pathway that substitutes an acetyl group for the long-chain fatty acyl group of cellular phospholipids. (Remodeling) The other is de novo pathway to form PAF parallels phospholipid synthesis, in which a phosphocholine function is transferred to alkyl acetyl glycerol.5 The second step in the synthesis of PAF through the remodeling pathway is performed by the acetyl-CoA-lyso PAF acetyltransferase. Unfortunately not enough is known about this activity because the enzyme is unstable and has not been purified or …show more content…

The test used was Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) which is a test that uses antibodies to see a change in color to identify an antigen. Fresh venous blood samples were drawn into pyogen-free blood collection tubes without additives, immersed in ice, and allowed to clot before centrifugation. All serum samples were stored at -70°C. Serum PAF-AH levels were measured with ELISA kits. The detection limit of this assay was 0.074 ng/ml.2

The results for this study were that Serum PAF-AH levels were significantly higher in SSc patients (130.4± 69.5 ng/ml) than in healthy individuals (81.6 ± 34.8 ng/ml; P < 0.05 ;). Concerning SSc subgroups, PAF-AH levels in both patients with (diffuse) dSSc (135.5 ± 79.3 ng/ml) and those with (limited) lSSc (125.1 ± 58.6 ng/ml) patients were also increased compared with those in healthy individuals (P < 0.05 for

Show More
Related
131 Words | 1 Pages

Reason for Visit: Puncture Wound to the Right FA S: TM works in GA Chassis when he injured his right FA. According to TM he was putting in nuts on the exhaust muffler and a piece of metal was sticking out of the muffler and stuck him in his right FA. TM denies previous injury to right arm. TM rates his pain at 2/10. O:

Read More
408 Words | 2 Pages

so it was negative. My result was colorless for the Voges Proskauer (VP) test so it was negative. The Gelatin (GEL) test result had no diffusion of pigment so that showed it was negative. The Glucose (GLU) result was yellow so it was positive, and the Mannitol (MAN) result was blue-green so it was negative. The Inositol (INO), Sorbitol (SOR), Rhamnose (RHA), and Sucrose (SAC) test results were all blue-green so they were all negative, as well as the Amygdalin (AMY) test.

Read More
572 Words | 3 Pages

Nrf2-ARE is the pathway that is limited by divalproex. This is an important pathway needed to protect the liver and prevent damage. Nrf2-ARE pathway prevents oxidative damage. Nrf2 translocate into the nucleus when the liver is in oxidative stress in order to active and transcribe different genes that produce phase II detoxifying enzymes as well as antioxidant enzymes. These enzymes will bind to ARE and become activated to protect hepatic cells from oxidative damage.

Read More
919 Words | 4 Pages

A comprehensive review of the other components of the CBC is one of the most important steps in the evaluation of low platelet count. The CBC can tell us whether other blood disorders may be present, such as, anemia (low red cell count or hemoglobin), erythrocytosis (high red blood cell count or hemoglobin), leukopenia (low white cells count), or leukocytosis (elevated white blood cell count). These abnormalities may suggest bone marrow problems as the potential

Read More
954 Words | 4 Pages

purified through preparative LC as described above and finally characterized as phloretin and phloridzin (Fig. 1). Compound 1 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)propan-1-one or phlorizin was obtained as amorphous powder, mp 2620C. The UV/Visible spectrum of the compound showed λmax at 225 and 285 nm. ESI–MS m/z 297 [M+Na]+ in positive ion mode and 273 [M-H] in negative ion mode for molecular formula C15H14O5; 274.

Read More
555 Words | 3 Pages

Due to a high consumption of pro-coagulation factors and platelets during DIC, the liver and bone marrow are unable to catch up with production of clotting factors (Dressler, 2009, p.174). Thus, DIC can result in thrombocytopenia which causes an extensive bleeding at multiple injury sites in the body (McKane, 2010, p.1051). DIC also contributes to the development of cerebral vascular accident due to the interruption of blood flow and excessive bleeding at various sites. In conclusion, DIC not only associates with sepsis, but also can predispose to ARDS and CVA

Read More
1304 Words | 6 Pages

More than 144 different TNFRSF1A gene mutations have thus far been identified as causes of TRAPS (In fevers database, online at: http://fmf.igh.cnrs.fr/infevers). Most of these mutations were found in Exons and Introns 2, 3, 4, and 6, as well as mutations in Exons and Introns 1, 5, 7, 8, and 10. Such mutations normally diminish shedding of TNFR1 and eliminate an endogenous antagonist to circulating TNF, resulting in long-lasting activation of TNF signals, although in some patients other mechanisms are present, which are as follows: a) an excess of retained surface TNFR1 leading to a higher susceptibility to TNF 11,b) impaired TNF-driven apoptosis because of less efficient binding of mutant receptor to TNF 12, and c) giving rise to an unfolded protein response or initiating TNF-independent signaling in the cell by misfolded mutant TNFR1

Read More
987 Words | 4 Pages

Lupus : Symptoms and Diagnosis, treatment. What is Lupus? Lupus is a chronic, autoimmune disease that causes the immune system to attack the healthy tissues in the human body. The immune system is partly made of white blood cells that fight off disease, in lupus white blood cells think that the healthy cells of the body are diseased, so they end up attacking healthy parts of the body.

Read More
1691 Words | 7 Pages

→ Calculation of the absolute values of the different leukocytes in the differential was accomplished via the following formula: (total WBC count x relative value in %)/100 On the chemistry tests: increased uric acid (8.4 with normal being 4-6 mg/dL) increased lactate dehydrogenase (LD) (692 with normal being 140-280

Read More
999 Words | 4 Pages

Even though there are no symptoms associated with hyperlipidemia, it is important to maintain a balanced level of lipids to prevent health risks such as ischemic heart disease. The study addresses the importance of understanding how hyperlipidemia disturbs the cardioprotection by ATP-sensitive K channels activators, along with an increase in lactate, oxidative stress production, and gene expression. The significance of this study proved for the first time that cholesterol diet prevents cardioprotection from the KATP channels activators cromakalim and diazoxide mentioned. The mechanism of how high cholesterol effects cardioprotection by K channel activators needs to be further investigated to fully understand how hyperlipidemia affects the health of individuals. This will open new directions in finding effective alternate drug targets to protect the cardiac cells in individuals with

Read More
173 Words | 1 Pages

Until recently necrosis has been thought of as random cell death, but after further research it has been found that it has more of a regulated system than what was originally thought4. Mitochondria are involved in a number of processes that regulates necrosis. These processes cause mPTPs (mitochondrial permeability transition pores) to open, this in turn causes the loss of the electron potential gradient and the dilution of the solute matrix solution resulting in the swelling of mitochondria5. The first protein Nix causes Ca2+ to be released from the endoplasmic reticulum, the Ca2+ is then transported into the mitochondrial matrix where necrosis can then be induced4. Proteins such as Bax and Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) can also initiate necrosis

Read More
204 Words | 1 Pages

They also help support the detoxification of potentially tissue-damaging molecules; their intake is often associated with the

Read More
5095 Words | 21 Pages

Its vasodilatation effects depend on other processes such as RAAS, oxidative stress and other inflammatory molecules. The feature that distincts CGRP from other vasodilators is its long Page 11 of 14 Page 12 of 14 duration of action. CGRP is involved in increase in inflammation; increase the number of circulating cells and chemotactic factors, neuronal plasticity and synapse formation [17002803][pgi pr]. CGRP is a key regulatory neuropeptide with important roles in immune outcome and inflammatory mediators such as

Read More
1091 Words | 5 Pages

He was also found to have normal thyroid and adrenal function insulin level of <3 mU/L [3.0-25.0 mU/L]Serum C-peptide level was below 0.05ng/ml which was very less (Ref: 0.81-3.85 ng/ml). Anti-insulin antibody was

Read More
2917 Words | 12 Pages

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) encompassing gastric and duodenal ulcers. It is the most prevalent gastro intestinal disorder and has been a major threat to the world’s population over the past 2 centuries, with a high morbidity and substantial mortality3. Some psychological conditions like anxiety, stress, surgical shock, burns, trauma, free radicals, oxidants, physical, chemical factors also stimulate gastric acid secretion and leads to ulcer4. Prostaglandins E2 and I2 are the predominant prostaglandins synthesized by the gastric mucosa and are known to inhibit the secretion of gastric acid and stimulate the secretion of mucus and bicarbonate5. Peptic ulcer diseases comprise heterogeneous disorder which manifests as a break in the

Read More

More about Platelet Activating Factor Case Study

Related Topics

Open Document