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Nervous System Dysfunction Research Paper

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ABSTRACT Objective: Nervous system dysfunction is a common and important complication in Primary Sjögren’s syndrome (pSS) and may be the cause of significant morbidity. A wide variety of peripheral (PNS) and central nervous system (CNS) complications are among the severe complications of pSS. Autonomic system involvements are also reported in pSS. In the present study we aimed to show the possible autonomic involvement in patients with pSS. Materials and Methods: Peripheral nerve electrophysiological studies and the sympathetic skin responses (SSR) were studied in 29 patients with PSS (inactive disease period) and 31 normal controls. Results: The latencies of SSRs were delayed and the amplitude of SSR decreased when compared with the control …show more content…

It involves a recordable skin potential change following the application of an internal or external stimulus (14-16). Although it has been used in a variety of clinical settings to evaluate sudomotor sympathetic function, literature does not reveal any studies using SSR in pSS. Sympathetic cholinergic function may be studied by a non-invasive method-SSR which allows evaluation of the autonomic system in various …show more content…

Autonomic symptoms can be seen in all forms of pSS-associated neuropathy. Abnormal pupillary responses (e.g. Adie’s pupil) and orthostatic hypotension were not only frequent in the sensory ataxic neuropathy group (12,17), but can also be seen in the small fiber sensory and trigeminal groups (12). The pathologic basis for pSS-associated autonomic neuropathy is unclear, but some cases appear to be due to an autonomic ganglionopathy (12); interestingly, Adie’s pupils are believed to be caused by ciliary

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Myasthenia gravis is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of weakness of the skeletal muscles of the body. It occurs when communication between nerve cells and muscles becomes impaired. This impairment prevents crucial muscle contractions from occurring, resulting in muscle weakness. Normally when impulses travel down the nerve, the nerve endings release a neurotransmitter substance called acetylcholine. Acetylcholine travels from the neuromuscular junction and binds to acetylcholine receptors which are activated and generate a muscle contraction.

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Orthostatic hypotension has many etiologies but the baseline is that it is generally caused by a dysautonomic syndrome, drugs, volume depletion or a combination of a variety of factors. Peripheral autonomic (sympathetic) denervation, resulting from systemic diseases can prevent needed peripheral vasoconstriction with standing, diseases such as diabetes and amyloidosis. Other diseases are Parkinsonism , and Addison’s, porphyria, tabes dorsalis, syringomyelia, spinal cord transection , Guillian–Barré syndrome, Riley–Day syndrome, surgically induced sympathectomy, pheochromocytoma, multisystem atrophy, Bradbury–Eggleston syndrome, and the Shy–Drager syndrome (which is also known as idiopathic orthostatic hypotension). There is a variety of medications that can cause syncope by causing orthostatic hypotension and other mechanisms also leading to syncope. These are vasodilators (such as hydralazine, nitrates, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors), adrenergic blockers and adrenergic stimulants, diuretics, tricyclic antidepressants, phenothiazines, and others, can cause orthostatic

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Alpha-2 adrenoceptors are found in CNS in highest densities in the locus ceruleus, the predominant noradrenergic nuclei of the brainstem and an important modulator of vigilance. Presynaptic activation of alpha-2A adrenoceptor in the locus ceruleus inhibits the release of nor-epinephrine & results in the sedative and hypnotic effects(62). In addition, the locus ceruleus is the site of origin for the descending medullospinal nor adrenergic pathway, known to be an important modulator of nociceptive neurotransmission. Stimulation of alpha-2 adrenoceptors in this area terminates the propagation of pain signals leading to analgesia. Postsynaptic activation of alpha-2 receptors in the CNS results in decrease in sympathetic activity leading to hypotension &

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Status epilepticus is a dangerous condition where epileptic seizures follow one after another without recovery of consciousness between them or alternatively, seizures last too long. Status epilepticus occurs when the seizure occurs for more than 5 min or longer, individual goes into another seizure without recovery from the first and the repeated seizures occur for 30 min or longer. These seizure have an increased risk for death and are not likely to stop without the aid of medication. Most seizures last no longer that 2 min. Seizures are described as sudden onset of increased electrical discharge within the brain which causes loss of or change in consciousness and/or motor activity.

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