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Recidivism Or Education-Based Discrimination?

678 Words3 Pages

A principal reason for why education-based discrimination is disregarded is because it is overshadowed by the more commonly expected and discussed forms discrimination. Considering it is often co-occurring or acting as proxy to the other forms (Tannock 2008). This is particularly exhibited in a court sentencing. Albonetti’s (1997) analysis, one of the few to include education-level, examined and revealed how the defendant’s characteristics (extralegal variables) influence sentencing and its severity, such as imprisonment length. The analysis concluded that in terms of education-level, a male of minority class and of lower education would receive a more sever sentence than one of higher class and education (Albonetti 1997). Furthermore, having …show more content…

Education is considered to be an independent variable which significantly influences recidivism rates (Haulard 2001). In 2001 Haulard determined that the education prior and during an individual’s time in the correctional system affected their rate of recidivism as education permits a discriminated individual to re-enter society in an appropriate manner (Haulard 2001). They are deemed as more acceptable beings. Studies have established that the average education level prior to incarceration by inmates is much lower to the level of education attained by a ‘free’ man (Stevens and Ward 1997). Consequently leading to the assumption that a lack of education determines the individual as less intelligence and/or has less ability to make ‘wise’ decisions. …show more content…

It is unfair and unmoral to discriminate those who do not have the wanted elite levels of education (Tannock 2008). Society would not be able to function as it requires diversity. It needs those to do the tasks which are deemed to be lesser. And when it comes to a court setting, education-based discrimination is magnified for the court actors are evaluating every capacity of the defendant, no matter if it is regulated as irrelevant. Education is a factor which is greatly stressed for it is used to put one ahead of

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Prosecution & Sentencing Issues Wrongful Convictions Mateusz Konieczkowski CRM 420-01 Professor Rivolta 5 May 2015 Central Connecticut State University #1 There has been many times where the tough-on-crime approach has characterized our Criminal Justice System since the early 1980’s. One of these policies is the Sentencing guideline. Many times, when judges following the sentencing polices, they are too soft on the criminals. Some criminals get away with the crime that they have done. Even in the book illustrates how “a second problem was the recognition of racial disparities” (Mays & Ruddel, 2015).

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Kamalu, Ngozi Caleb, Margery Coulson-Clark, and Nkechi Margaret Kamalu. " Racial Disparities in Sentencing: Implications for the Criminal Justice System and the African American Community." African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies: AJCJS 4.1 (2010): 1-31. ProQuest.

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Coker gives great evidence that supports racial injustice in the criminal justice system. She discusses on the Supreme Court’s rulings and accusations of racial preference in the system. This article is helpful because it supports my thesis on race playing a role on the system of criminal justice. Hurwitz, J., & Peffley, M. (1997). Public perceptions of race and crime: The role of racial stereotypes.

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Through the years, the world has made substantial progress towards ensuring equal treatment under law for all citizens. However, the cycle continues, as disparities within the justice decision making process is growing at each level of the criminal justice system. Although the drug policies and sentencing guidelines that are put into place by our legislators are said to be “race neutral,” they have actually shown to be pervasively biased, affecting both innocent as well as guilty minority citizens. There is no question that the most important stage of the criminal justice system is the sentencing phase. It is at this stage where prosecutors, along with law enforcement personnel, attempt to determine who will or will not be granted leniency

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This essay will examine three types of disparities that happen under the United States sentencing today. Judges tend to look at the characteristics of the victim involved in the crime to determine the outcome of the sentence. Why should someone’s race, gender, or even religion effect the time they receive for their jail sentence? The 1984 Sentencing Reform Act (SRA) was created to eliminate disparities, basically explaining how one’s ethnicity, gender, and religion should not affect their sentencing. Even with this act existing, race and gender has still plays a huge part on unnecessary sentencing lengths.

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271 Words | 2 Pages

They are six hundred fifty thousand prisoners released each year from Federal, State, and Private prisons into the communities of America, When these ex-inmates re enter society, they seek employment, but with limited education and low literacy levels their prospects for becoming employed are reduced (Coley& Barton, 2006). We need to find a way to stop the cycle of inmate keep on re-enter prison. Because education has been shown to reduce recidivism, federal, state and private prisons offer correctional education classes to inmates. In an effort to prepare incarcerated persons for a successful re-entry into society, work release program need to offer more than skill based training.

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A study conducted by the New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services undertaking claims of sentencing disparities studies the felony sentencing outcomes particularly in New York courts between the years 1990 and 1992. Astonishingly, the study concluded that approximately one-third of minorities sentenced to prison would have received a shorter sentence with the possibility of a non-incarcerative penalty if they had been treated similarly to their white counterparts. Consequently, other sentencing data is consistent with the results of this study’s findings. On a national scale, black males specifically, who were convicted of drug felonies in state courts 52 percent of the time, while white males typically receive prison sentencing approximately 34 percent of the time. In addition, these figures are not constrained to gender given the similar ratio among black and white women as well.

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Women convicted of “other property offenses” – a category of crimes that includes arson, receiving stolen property and breaking and entering — received shorter prison sentences. • Black female defendants were, in some ways, treated differently than white female defendants. Black women were assigned higher bond amounts and were more likely to be sent to prison than white women. Women of both races were equally likely to be released prior to

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The court system should acknowledge the offenders past and realize that the reasons they are committing crimes are not their free will, it is elements in their past that have caused them to act in a deviant manner. Furthermore, Cullen and Johnson (2017) agree by stating, “science has demonstrated that un-chosen individual traits (e.g., temperament, self-control, IQ) and un-chosen social circumstances (e.g., family, school, community) can be

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An article written in the Journal of Correctional Education labeled “Enrolling in College While in Prison: Factors That Promote Male and Female Prisoners to Participate,” Kristin Rose and Chris Rose attempt to persuade male and female prisoners that college education in prison is very helpful when leaving jail and can aide with getting a job. They argue that college education in prison is not being taken advantage of and there are many factors between both male and female that determines who will and will not take advantage of the education provided. The two authors argument on free higher education in prisons is effective because they provide an abundant amount of convincing evidence, they have good reasoning as to why higher education is

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Minority females go through a double jeopardy as they often score below than both white females and males of their own racial or ethnic group (Connor & Vargyas, 2014). Differentials based on race and national origins are well noted and have been the problem of prosecution and trained legal attention. Standardized test tests can be of use as rough guides to establish if a child is ready to proceed to another grade or level (Sample, 2010). The desire in standardized testing is to have ample numbers of students write a single test, then to measure any single score against all others to see how an individual’s score compares to the large sample (Poulsen & Hewson, 2014). Women are generally aimed for education, office occupations and social welfare, much as men are ordinarily pointed toward careers is medicine, management, engineering or technical fields (Connor & Vargyas,

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570 Words | 3 Pages

Two thirds of Americans would rather see nonviolent drug offenders enter into a rehabilitation center rather than be incarcerated (National Institute on Drug Abuse). One way of implementing treatment would be replacing prisons with “home-like residential communities” or anti-prisons as James Gilligan, New York University professor of psychiatry and author states in his article in the New York Times. Such communities would provide forms of therapy and education so that the offender had the capabilities of receiving a high school or college degree. Programs like these have been implemented in the San Francisco jail system and have proven to be 100 percent effective in reducing recidivism rates as well as reduce levels of violence. With people living in residential areas, they would socially benefit by being surrounded by people in the same situation as them.

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By depriving one’s ability to commit crimes how are we as a society give these offender’s tools to survive once let out of prisons? The effect of punishment can sometimes be positive depending on the amount of it distributed, to whom is being punished, but also the timing. Science and history have argued that punishment can decrease, but also stop crime—yet not everyone will change as a result of it such as: psychopathic risk takers, someone under the influence, or individuals who have been repeatedly punished. Rehabilitation may be the path with those suffering from the three

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There are many indicators of the huge impact in disparities in sentencing women as compared to men and more so when it revolves around minorities ( race and class). Though there are lower crime rates among women as compared to men, there are significant disparities which tend to show favouritism to women. Research has shown that men get 63 per cent longer custodial sentences than women. In addition, it is twice more likely to have women get non custodial sentences even after conviction. However, as mentioned the disparities are more profound when issues of race and class are intertwined in the sentencing.

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