Another potential issue that Australia faces with human trafficking cases lies in the unclear separation between trafficking and smuggling definitions. ‘Unlike smuggling, which is often a criminal commercial transaction between two willing parties, trafficking specifically targets a victim as an object of criminal exploitation.’ Whilst the UNODC clearly summarised the distinction between these offences, in practise these definitions are often blurred. As Anne Gallagher from the UNHCR explains, the evident uncertainty is due to the fact that ‘many people start their journey as smuggled persons and end up in exploitative situations however such people are not acknowledged as victims of trafficking’. The absence of a clear difference between the