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Stuart Hall Representation Theory

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2.1 Representation and identity A Cultural theorist, also a leading figure of the development of media and cultural studies, Stuart Hall’s cultural representation theory is very representative and has a significant impact in the field of cultural studies. His book “Representation: Cultural representations and signifying practices” published in 1997 is a study of the crucial links between language, culture and how shared meanings are constructed and represented within the language. Hall believes culture plays the primary role in how we construct meaning and representation was closely related to culture. Representation is the process by which meaning is produced and exchanged between members of a culture through the use of language, such as …show more content…

We share the same cultural identity as we consume those cultural artifacts of narratives, memories, stories and fantasies to incorporate their cultural representations in similar or different ways into our everyday rituals and practices of daily life. Besides, the social and cultural construction of identity is highly influenced by media communication in the modern age. Technologies have empowered the media to communicate their meaning to a variety of people; (Hall, 1997) Social and cultural identity are linked to issues of power, value systems, and ideology. The media uses representations, such as images, words, and characters or personae, to convey specific ideas and values related to culture and identity in a society. (Identity: Key Concepts, …show more content…

According to Halbwaches, studying memory is not a matter of reflecting on the properties of the subjective mind, rather memory is a matter of how minds work together in society, how their operations are structured by social arrangements: “It is in society that people normally acquire their memories. It is also in society that they recall, recognize, and localize their memories” (Halbwachs, 1992, p.38). Halbwaches argued that it is impossible for individuals to remember any coherent outside of their group contexts. Group memberships provide the materials for memory and prod the individual into recalling particular events and into forgetting others. (Lo, 2012) Groups can even produce memories in individuals of events that they never experienced in any direct sense. The collective memory is shared, passed on and also constructed by the group. (Lavabre, n.d.) it is a dynamic cultural practice that sustains the cultural continuity of a community and in the meantime adapts to the cultural transformation of the community in a historical era. (Wang,

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Representation Stuart Hall defines representation as the means by which a culture uses language and sign to create meaning that is shared between members of the society. An example Hall provides is the Cross. For Christians, it is a reminder of Christ’s “suffering and death.” Meanings are different from one society to another, as it is assigned according to cultural practices; meanings came change. For that reason, meanings must be translated between cultures.

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A humans memory contains all that they have learnt and all they have experienced. Memories allow moments of today and yesterday last tomorrow and forever. It may seem that memories are a reliable source of information for a large majority of individuals but what would they think if their memories were actually wrong? To realize the memories that have been held in their minds for so long are inaccurate would cause great confusion and denial, which is the exact effect it has on them. Several people truly believe the reason why such a significant amount of others along with themselves have false memories is The Mandela Effect.

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Journey to Identity Identity helps create inner security and mental peace by preserving one 's essence through existence. With Identity, there is ultimatly a sense of individual freedom found by creating ethical definition of ones actions, thus allowing human developpment and growth in essence and morality. With signifigant character developpent , identity is reconstructed and ripened. Meaning with time, identity can be refound and retold.

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Individuals would then take parts of other memories and recreate the experience that Loftus described. A quarter of the people she interviewed now have memories of something that has never happened. When you are recreating or remembering an experience

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In “The Problem of Memory Knowledge”, Michael Huemer describes, and ultimately argues against three accounts on how memory beliefs are justified. 1. The Inferential Theory 2. The Foundational Theory 3. The Preservation Theory 1.

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Halbwacks talks about two types of memory and describe individual memory as a personal memory, in other words individual memory is a memory based on someone experiences and personal life. Having the memory of seeing something with our own eyes and being a witness of an event are part of the individual memory. The collective memory is quite different because those memory are based on events that someone heard about but never experienced it, in other words collective memory is a memory based on other’s memory of something. A collective memory that our generation could have it’s the memory of the World War 2 (1939-1945), we weren’t even born during the period of the war

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This is a great example of how our identity are shape because we tend to be different from the norm. The media such as the television had greatly impact the views of society. In this research, it will help us to think why we have to differentiate others. Why do we have to label each other and how these

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Memory is traditionally understood as a way of maintaining and encoding information, typically a personal and individual affair. Now Bell (2008) understands collective memory as a shared and expressed memory among a group of individuals, but not something that can be transmitted to younger generations. Booth (2009) sees collective memory as a major part of community identity, something that is selectively chosen to create a sense of a people enduring across time. Importantly Booth’s conception would be what Bell may consider ‘myths’, “highly simplified narratives” based on selected places, events and persons, that are passed on to younger generations to create an idea (Bell 2008, p. 151). Collective memory is understood in this assignment as

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Memory is an essential part of an individual’s identity, as it connects with the past and defines the present. However, memory is important on an individual level as well as on a level of a collective. According to many theorists such as Maurice Halbwach, individual memory is “fragmentary and incomplete”, and therefore is “guided by the script that collective memory provides” (Sturken 4). Thus, the term collective, cultural or social memory as Astrid Erll has mentioned refers to “the interplay of present and past in socio-cultural contexts” that may concern either “individual acts of remembering in a social context to group memory” (2) or national memories which are based on a specific narrative. Additionally, a cultural memory is rather

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The establishment of these aspects of identity gave the chance for many to “change your name, change your sex, get a divorce, become a movie star,” and create an identity for the advancement of American culture American culture is something held of high value by those who add to and positively advance it. After analyzing “The Plastic Pink Flamingo: A Natural History.”, “Last Child in the Woods”, and “Days of Obligation” the point of emphasis that connects these articles is the simple fact that you create your own identity and use it as the key to contribute to American

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Each individual has their own different social identity. One’s social identity is constructed based on the different influences around them. The development of social identity is influenced by various factors such as the historical, cultural and religious beliefs of the society, community or family where one is brought up. It is influenced by the behaviours and attitudes of authority figures such as parents, teachers and community leaders around them, it is also influenced by external factors such as the media, one’s peers and the overall exposure one has (Carrim, 2006, p56).

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The individual has to share and adopt the group’s history and participates in the group’s vision of its past by cognitive learning and emotional acts of identification and commemoration. This type of past has to be memorized, not remembered. The collective memory has to be acquired via learning – however, the identity of “we” is created only through internalization and rites of

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(127). All of which indicates that our brain will forget memories which are not use; from there society inclination to records. Societies have different ways to maintain the memories that form their identity. Assmann divides them into two groups those of “cultural formation” and those of “institutional communication”, in the former he includes “texts, rites, monuments” and in the latter “recitation, practice, observance” (128). The first educates, the second regulates, and both have the double function of preserving, and to reminding individuals of the past.

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It is for this reason that Pinney, suggested that, identity build up is the most fundamental objective of a person 's adolescence, and "those who fail to achieve a secure identity are faced with identity confusion, a lack of clarity about who they are and what their role is in life” (Pinney, 1993). This brings out the fact that identity builds up and understanding is an inevitable and unexplainable. An understanding of identity an important aspect of crosses cultural communication, because it will help provide a guideline for communication interaction with others who have different cultural identity (Samorava , Porter, & McDaniel, 2009, p.

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Evaluate schema theory Schemas are mental representations of knowledge and understanding that is stored in our brain based on past experiences, beliefs, expectations about people, events, objects, situations or anything else that surrounds us. Schema theory, on the other hand, defines the cognitive process of processing and organizing information that we perceive from the outside world which then is stored in different categories in memory. Since people access information actively and nothing we store is perfectly set, we often interpret what’s going around us based on what we already know, thus a relationship is drawn between people’s mental representations and the way how they think and absorb new information. However, because it is still

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