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Summary: The End Of Sykes-Picot

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the article by Gregory Gause III “Is this the end of Sykes- Picot?” Gause highlights on the political instability and civil war in Syria and the continued social upheavals in Iraq, Gause relates these modern day international challenges to the faltering of artificial borders in the eastern Arab world, drawn by Britain and France after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire. Gause reveals in his article a question for the reader, regarding whether or not the borders of the far eastern Arab world are about to be redrawn and if the colonial system entrusted by the Europeans is coming to conclusion. “The end of Sykes-Picot is the notion that political pundits use in order to justify their arguments that the border themselves are undergoing substantial change. Furthermore, the Sykes-Picot agreement of 1916 divided the former Ottoman territories between Britain and France, however, the final borders were determined by the two powers at the San Remo conference in 1920. After the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire, Britain and France adopted an imperialistic …show more content…

Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was the Shah of Iran until his overthrowing, strong Shi’i opposition to the Shah’s reign commenced and led to the opposition leader Ayatollah Khomeini’s to obtain a seating as Iran’s supreme leader. Ayatollah Kohmeini declared an Islamic republic with a new Constitution reflecting his ideals of Islamic government. The newly Islamic regime viewed this as a victory and as a starting point for an overall change in the world of Islam. Ayatollah Kohmenini stated, “Our movement is for an Islamic goal, not for Iran alone... Iran is only a starting point.. Muslims are one

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The Middle Eastern states of Lebanon and Israel are at the center of the hot bed centuries of conflict and warfare between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. Thomas Friedman spent nine years in the region before writing his book From Beirut to Jerusalem about his experiences in both cities. Ultimately, Friedman’s discussion of the violence, instability, and politics in the lives of the two middle-eastern cities creates what he calls tribal politics and Hama Rules. Tribal Politics and Hama Rules dominate the book as Freidman examines not only the current events that occur but also the causes behind the in- and the out-fighting; in order to live in the Middle East, Freidman argues, one must understand these principles or pay for his ignorance.

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The First World War (WW1) was one of the most destructive and adverse wars in contemporary reality. Approximately, ten million soldiers lost their lives because of hostilities. In January 1918, ten months ago the conclusion of war, the President of the United States of America Woodrow Wilson had prepared a list of proposed war aims, which he characterized them as the “Fourteen Points”. Nonetheless, eight of these points wrote off, especially the points, which included territorial and political solutions, accompanying with the dominance of the Entente Powers, bearing in mind the idea of national self-determination for ethnic peoples in Europe.

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In the opening chapter, Kimball begins his discussion by describing his encounter with the then Ayatollah, Ruhollah Khomeini, in Qom, Iran on Christmas Day. He described the Ayatollah as being very charismatic and grandfatherly, as well as being an extraordinarily influential religious and political leader (Kimball, p. 1). The two discussed a number of important issues like the Iranian revolution, Christian-Muslim relations, Jesus, and the U.S. hostages (Kimball, p.

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By the sixteenth century, the Ottomans had emerged as one of the most important Empires in Europe, and in the territories known today as the Middle East.” The battle between Habsburgs and Ottomans goes deeper than just a religious versus non-religious logical happenstances. As the two thriving empires, had similar yet diverse ideals when it comes to their political, economic and social structure of the two empires. As many governments are ran mainly by power and money, the Habsurg and Ottoman government was ran by religion. All the while, as both empires used their military to enhance their religion, rich their economy and take part in the slave trade they had similarities and differences like any other country who was at war with eachother.

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Additionally, they would also call for a more modern military and greater security for property and self (McKay, 2015). Slavery was to be abolished and trade was to become open and free according to the British influence. In and of itself, the influence of Britain over the Ottoman Empire during

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Before WW1, Britain was the strongest European power in modern imperialism since it occupied one-quarter of the globe. Colonial possessions claimed by Britain in the late 1800s contained Canada, India, Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Burma, Australia, New Zealand, Hong Kong, several Pacific and Caribbean Islands, South Africa, Rhodesia, Egypt and other parts of Africa. Since Britain was a European power with a strong navy and military it was effortless to gain some of these possessions, while others required patience and bloodshed. British imperialism focused on power and expanding trade to improve the economy. The second significant imperial power was France, which included colonies of Indochina, few Pacific islands, as well as several colonies in west and north-west Africa.

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“Other countries with such divisions have in fact divided into new nations with new names, but not this one, impossibly interwoven even in its hostilities...one of the things that it [the U.S.] stands for is this vexing notion that a great nation can consist entirely of refugees from other nations, that people of different, even warring religions and cultures can live, if not side by side, then on either sides of the country’s Chester Avenues.” She concentrates on the hardships faced by our ancestors and sets a vaguely amazed tone throughout the essay at our ability to stay whole. In spite of these variations in opinions, the essays represent only a couple views on the

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an agreement known as the Sykes-Picot Agreement. The purpose behind the Sykes-Picot Agreement was to segregate various provinces that originally belonged to the Ottoman Empire which would enable them to split power over each section. When the war was over a new group of nations were convinced by Britain and France would gain and dictate power and” to grant them the quasi-colonial over the former Ottoman territories” (Middle East Research and Information Project, 2016) . This ended up being the antecedent to what is now recognized as the United Nations, the establishments of the British and French were called the mandates. A mandate over Syria was reached by France in effort to section Lebanon as an individual state that would consist of mainly

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Europeans soon gained control over the Ottomans, just like they

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Although the 1936 decree impressed the West, it shocked all of Iran by stripping them of their Islamic ways. In other words, there were many Iranian women who could not accept the absence of the veil, because they viewed it as their identity as Muslim women. Furthermore, through his reform, Reza Shah was able to get Iranian women to expose their face and let their hair loose so that they could resemble the women of the West. In addition, after the 1936 proclamation, the only hair covering that was permitted was by Iranian men who wore European style hats. Last but not least, Reza Shah stressed the concept of a Western appearance to the point that he utilized both the military and police forces in order to forcibly remove a woman’s veil if she wore one in

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Many view the Western Powers as innocent in this conflict, however this article states otherwise. It is valuable because one person/country’s opinion should not count more than another’s. • Limitations – This source is opinionated, one-sided and biased against the Western Powers as it is written from the perspective of a person intentionally questioning the norm. It states radical opinions as facts. This secondary source is not reliable because it could be based on speculation and twisting of facts as there is a lack of evidence.

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Before World War 1 Britain was the greatest Imperialist power. In the 19th Century Britain was in control of a quarter of the world. Britain's imperialism was mostly set on the acquisition of country's resources, and increasing trade. Britain's imperialism was strengthened by their Navy, which was the largest and most powerful at the time. Due to increasing demand for land Russia, Germany, and France all tried to conquer Africa.

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The first great-war shattered the human mind so profound that out of its aftermaths’ emerged a fresh discipline (in 1919 at the University of Whales known to us as International Relations) proposed to prevent war. “It was deemed by the scholars that the study of International Politics shall find the root cause of the worlds political problems and put forward solutions to help politicians solve them” (Baylis 2014:03). International Relations happened to play the role of a ‘correcting-mechanism’ restoring the world order of peace and amity by efforting at its best to maintain the worlds’ status quo. However with the emergence of a second world war much more massive that the first put at stake all the values of that young discipline of IR. The

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If you just put together the population of some Sunni-dominated cities, such as Sanandaj, Zahedan, Iranshahr, Chabahar, Mahabad, Marivan, Gumbad and the like, it exceeds 10 percent of the Iran’s population. To this you need to add the population of Sunnite communities who live in Shiite -dominated cities. In every Iranian city you will find a significantly large Sunni community, even in Qom, which is the hub of Shi’ism and of the Shiite clergy. You will find a population of over million Sunnites only in Tehran. The Iranian leaders are ignoring all these

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Abstract Sectarianism holds hegemonic power over Lebanon that is resistant to challenges of change. Institutional and foreign actors serve to instill and reinforce sectarianism from above while political and economic elites play on sectarian sentiments to maintain and enhance their power, contributing to sectarianism from below. These efforts ensure that the Lebanese subjects remain affiliated with their respective sects, compartmentalized in self-managed communities. Introduction Sectarian democracy, the political system adopted by Lebanon, fuses formal and informal sectarian and democratic components. Democracy is manifested in the way power is organized: upholding democratic principles such as the rights of individuals through elections,

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