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Evidence based interventions essay
Application of evidence based practices
Application of evidence based practices
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Reasons et al. , (2016) found that, “offending and victimization are a consequence of multiple risk factors,
Risk/need/ responsivity and criminogenic needs is a model developed to create intervention programs for offenders. The risk level is based on the risk factors that contribute to an offender who can possibly re-offend. For high risk offenders an intensive intervention treatment would be put in place to lower the risk or to completely eliminate the risk altogether. Low risk offenders in most case will not get any treatment because the risk level to re-offend is very low, but resource will always be available if needed per request. In Sally’s’ case; her criminogenic needs would be to first address the fact that her boyfriend is an abuser that is struggling financially with her and often encourages her to drink, she has no family or community
Across the world, various countries impose sentences on criminals for different reasons. Some reasons include to punish offenders, protect the public, change an offender’s behavior, ensure offenders do something to make up for their crime, and to reduce crime in the future. With that being said, the country I chose to have the better sentencing philosophy as opposed to utilizing them all, is England. I chose the English sentencing philosophy because they utilize isolation, deterrence and rehabilitation as a means of condemning their offenders, and by punishing them in proportion to their culpability for criminal activity (Terrill, 2016). By isolating the offender, the British believe their society would be safer and more protected from
Policies that are made to make people feel safer imprison more minorities and the saddest aspect is that it is considered a success by current politicians. The first feature of the Pyrrhic defeat theory states, “failure to implement policies that stand a good chance of reducing crime and the harm it causes” (Reiman and Leighton 179). Everybody in society wants lower crime, but the methods that are currently used to reduce crime are not deterring criminals, but are harsher imprisonment for lesser crimes. The first rule of the Pyrrhic theory emphasizes the failure of the criminal justice system because it takes the wrong approach of reducing the main cause of crime, poverty. Those in poverty are scapegoats for those with wealth who get little consequences for their own
Where the old penology was concerned with moral sensibility and treatment of the offender through diagnosis, the new penology consists of ‘techniques to identify, classify and manage groupings sorted by dangerousness’ (Feeley and Simon, 1992:452). This criminological concept introduces a language of probability and risk for determining the likelihood of crime in specific demographic using actuarial justice. Kemshall (2011:223) defines actuarial justice as a form of ‘risk assessment’ to make predictions about a population’s risk of engaging in offending behaviour using statistics. It is used to predict the possibility of re-offending within a certain time frame and is implemented within IPP sentencing to determine the offender’s ‘risk’ level and use it to imprison them. Using actuarial justice to put away offenders is unjust because their ‘risk’ level is based on the re-offending statistics of an entire population.
Developmental theories look at how offenders start and end their criminal behaviors. All developmental theories, including the two focused on in this paper, pull from social, psychological, and biological factors to find answers. Both of these theories follow along a trajectory or pathway for offenders. Sampson and Laub’s age-graded theory has offenders following along two possible trajectories. They can either follow along the high risk trajectory or the low risk trajectory.
Giving an offender the wrong intensity of treatment for their risk level, such as high intensity treatment to a low-risk individual, can have negative effects since a low-risk offender may already have protective factors in place. Another pro of the RNR model is that it has the advantage of targeting dynamic issues that are directly linked with a crime; This allows treatment to adhere to problems that may decrease future
Situational crime prevention (SCP) and rational choice theory (RCT), together, provide an insightful explanation as to why people commit crimes and what can be done to deter them. Much of the work done in RCT and SCP was founded by Derek Cornish and Ronald V. Clarke, who wanted to understand the decision-making process of potential offenders and focus on the spatial and situational factors that make such crime possible (Farrell and Hodgkinson, 2015). This paper aims to explore SCP and its relationship to RCT, as well as analyze the works of Keith Hayward and Graham Farrell in their discussion of these ideas. This paper has four objectives: first, the paper will discuss SCP and RCT and explain the link between the two concepts. Second, this paper will examine Hayward 's discussion of RCT, SCP, and cultural criminology.
The court system should acknowledge the offenders past and realize that the reasons they are committing crimes are not their free will, it is elements in their past that have caused them to act in a deviant manner. Furthermore, Cullen and Johnson (2017) agree by stating, “science has demonstrated that un-chosen individual traits (e.g., temperament, self-control, IQ) and un-chosen social circumstances (e.g., family, school, community) can be
Consequently there are only six juvenile prisons remaining for serious juvenile offenders, and there are currently 1,600 juveniles in state facilities in comparison to the federal facilities costing on an average of $250,000 per juvenile offender (Kelly, 2012). Therefore, In the effort to address as well as resolve the problems with both adult and juvenile prison overcrowding, bother programmers as well as researchers believed that correctional facilities obtained the abilities in identifying high risk offenders and allocating appropriate rehabilitative services in accordance to their criminal needs while assessing their potential for recidivism, at which point the Risk-need responsivity (RNR) model was implemented in 1990 as a means of identifying high risk offenders in need of rehabilitative
Where an adult offender is assessed as presenting a risk of serious harm to children, the offender manager should develop a risk management plan and supervision plan that contains a specific objective to manage and reduce the risk of harm to children. In preparing a sentence plan, offender managers should consider how planned interventions might bear on parental responsibilities and whether the planned interventions could contribute to improved outcomes for children known to be in an existing relationship with the offender. Youth Offending Teams YOTs are multi-agency teams responsible for the supervision of children and young people subject to pre-court interventions and statutory court disposals.
While some teenagers abide by the laws and regulations of the state concerning the consumption of alcohol, others do not. Among recent years, alcohol consumption of young adults has increased drastically. Among individuals in the United States that drink alcohol, 11% are between the ages 13 to 20. Teens do not realize the risks and effects of alcohol consumption. Drinking at a younger age means that one is at a greater risk of encountering major health problems.
In allocation models there needs to be taken into consideration other aspects of crime, such as behavioral and physical characteristics of communities so that there can be a more appropriate understanding of the crime itself and find ways of how to prevent criminals from doing the crime in lieu of just hoping that there will be an officer nearby that can get to crime scene on time to halt the crime or hoping to discourage criminals by making them believe that police is omnipotent (Kennedy, Caplan & Piza, 2011, pg. 340). Another disadvantage of crime prevention model is that its calculations are based off assumption that crime occurs randomly, which will make the results inaccurate (Fritsch et al., 2009, pg. 35). One of the advantages of the crime prevention allocation model is that it can at least provide police administrators with an idea of where crime is being concentrated, however there is no evidence that concentration of crime will necessarily lead to more crime; it just means that crime will most likely happen there but it might also not happen at that location at all and happen somewhere else (Kennedy, Caplan & Piza, 2011, pg. 341). Another advantage of the crime prevention allocation model is that it has helped paved the road for more precise allocation models such as the Allocation of Patrol Personnel (MAPP) that is being employ by many police departments today (Fritsch et al., 2009, pg. 40). Because policing is a dynamic system I do not think that the crime prevention allocation model can work in a modern city, however I think that it can help supplement other things that police departments are already doing in order to prevent crime, moreover I believe that it is better to use the crime prevention allocation model as an alternative to doing allocation by
They seek to gain answers to what really happens on the streets, police stations, behind prison bars and courtrooms, They collect much of their information by analyzing data sets and statistical studies mainly on topics relating to drug use and homicide rates. Not only does it attempt to explain crimes within a societal background and the variations between our society, but this brings me to the three distinct theories as stated in the book on page 67, that attempt to explain why criminals behave in a certain
The theory views the offender as either a patient or a victim or both. According to this theory a person who has committed an offense is not morally responsible for the offense he or she has committed because the offense might be the product of an illness in which treatment is required; this type of person is regarded as a patient. When the offense is the product of a dysfunctional social environment the person is regarded as the victim. The advantage of this approach is that it focuses on the offenders, instead of punishing the offenders this approach focuses on repairing and treating the dysfunctional areas that the offenders are experiencing by means of behavioral therapy and other therapeutic programmes.