The Pros And Cons Of Motor Vehicle Emission

I. INTRODUCTION

Motor vehicle emissions can be controlled most effectively by designing vehicles to have low emissions from the beginning. Advanced emission controls can reduce hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions by more than 95percent and emissions of nitrogen oxides by 80percent or more compared with uncontrolled emission levels. Because these controls increase the cost and complexity of design, vehicle manufacturers require inducements to introduce them. These inducements may involve mandatory standards, economic incentives, or a combination of the two. Although mandatory have certain theoretical disadvantages compared with economic incentives, most jurisdictions have chosen them as the basis for their vehicle emissions control programs.

The standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board under the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Bharat stage emission standards are emission standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine equipment including motor vehicles. The first emission norms were introduced in India in1991 for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory for petrol vehicles and the introduction of unleaded petrol in the market. On April 29, 1999 the Supreme Court of India ruled that all vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000norms by June 1, 1999 and Euro II will be mandatory in the NCR by April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for this transition and in a subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II was not enforced. The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in 2000. Progressively stringent norm shave been rolled out since then. All new vehicles manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the regulations. Since October 2010, Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the country. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in place since April

Diesel engines in light-duty vehicles are common in Europe, (about 20percent of the light-duty fleet) and in parts of southeast Asia. Diesel engines, unlike spark-ignition engines, do not premix fuel with air before it enters the cylinder. Instead, the fuel is injected at high pressure near the top of the compression stroke. Once injected, the fuel is heated to ignition by the compressed air in the cylinder, eliminating the need for a separate spark-ignition system. There are two types of diesel engine: indirect and direct injection. In an indirect injection (IDI) diesel engine the fuel is injected into a pre-chamber where ignition occurs and combustion then spreads to the main combustion chamber. Indirect injection technology is mainly used for small, high-speed applications such as passenger cars, where low noise and high performance are