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Title IX Research Paper

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Throughout the 1960s and the 1970s, women gained more opportunities in American society. Interscholastic athletics proved to be no exception. In 1972, Congress passed, and President Richard Nixon signed, Title IX of the United States Education Amendments of 1972, which prohibited the exclusion based on gender of education programs that receive federal funding, which amounts to any public school in the United States. While this opened the door for female inclusion, especially when it came to athletics, it also posed challenges, especially when it came to enforcing the law. Title IX provided, and described, equal educational opportunities without discrimination based on sex, but there was various beliefs about how the new law should be defended …show more content…

Due to the vagueness of the law, and the short length being only thirty seven words, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare proposed a “laundry list” to determine what is and is not covered under Title IX (Ware 50). This became Regulations on Discrimination on the Basis of Sex, providing the gold standard when it came to making sure schools were under Title IX compliance (Ware 50). The most general statement that was made was that “No person shall, on the basis of sex … be treated differently from another person…” (Regulations and Policy Interpretation). Beyond that though, the document provided further guidance to how schools should act so that they could remain compliant. This included separate teams for contact sports and equal opportunity when it comes to scheduling and facilities (Regulations and Policy Interpretation). It also provides for an adjustment period of three years for schools, which allows them to get into and maintain compliance (Regulations and Policy Interpretation). By spelling out specifically what is covered under Title IX, based on the regulations passed under the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, schools would then have no reason to not be completely compliant. It makes the government and schools understand what is necessary to make sure Title IX is …show more content…

Out of the new policy interpretation came the “three-prong test”, three different pieces in which, in order for an intercollegiate, interscholastic, or intramural program to be in compliance, they have to follow (Regulation and Policy Interpretation). These three prongs cover representation and opportunity, making sure that women have the same access to athletics in their educational environment as their male counterparts (Regulation and Policy Interpretation). It is striking to see though that the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare have to publish two different directives that specifically outline how Title IX should be followed. This means that schools really did not know the full extent of Title IX, especially with the law being vague to begin with, or that schools really were not trying to follow it at all. Either way, by issuing two interpretations of Title IX, it made sure that schools across the country know exactly what Title IX covers, and how to be fully compliant with the

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Case Name, Citation, Year Cook v. Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA), 09-cv-00547 M.D. Fla. (2009) Facts of the Case: On June 16, 2009 parents of female athletes at FHSAA member schools filed suit against the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida alleging that the newPolicy 6 discriminates against female students according to Title IX by reducing school participation in completions by 40 percent at the varsity level and 20 percent at the sub-varsity level. The plaintiffs also stated a complaint that male driven sports where exempt from this action because cheerleading was not recognized as a sport thus breaking the Title IX law. Issues: Why did Policy 6 reduced the number of competitions

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One experience from personal experiences also illustrates the changes in how Title IX has affected sports. The first story takes place at Stanford University, a school with an athletic program that has been at the forefront of gender equity in sports. Boschert describes how the school’s Title IX, coordinator, Katie Martens, works tirelessly to ensure compliance with the law. Martens monitors the athletic department’s budget, ensure equal treatment of male and female athletes, and investigates complaints of discrimination. Her efforts have paid off, with the school receiving high marks for compliance with Title IX.

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The federal district court dismissed Ricci’s Title VII and equal protection claims. The Second Circuit upheld the court’s ruling and denied a re-hearing. Finally, the U.S. Supreme Court granted a certiorari. The U.S. Supreme Court brought the question before them according to Charles Mitchell (as cited in Ricci v. DeStefano, 2009) by framing it as “whether the purpose to avoid disparate-impact liability excuses what otherwise would be prohibited disparate-treatment discrimination”.

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In addition to instructing students and publishing academic work, she provides Title IX representation and serves as a Title IX auditor for the Division I State University Athletic Department and various Texas A&M coaches. Mary Margaret Penrose previously served as a professor of law with the University of Oklahoma, where she served as a cooperating attorney with the National Title IX Organization of the Women’s Sports Foundation and provided pro bono legal representation to high school lacrosse team members. She also provided pro bono representation for multiple Title IX cases while an attorney in private practice in Dallas,

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First of all, some argues that the tittle IX grants equal sporting opportunities for both male and female students; however, the inequality or unfair treatment for female athletic student still exists. At every high school or college, young female athletics are still facing with the discrimination on the playing field. Women and girls just receive only 42 percent of the opportunities to play sports in high school and college even though female were half of total students.

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Title IX reads. “no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be excluded from participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance” (U.S. Department of Education). As understood in the world of college sports, Title IX requires equal participation opportunity for male and female athletes in proportion to overall campus population and interest. Schools do not have to spend the exact same amount of money on men’s and women’s sports (Hruby). They already sign coaches to drastically different contracts, so there is no reason that Title IX should withhold athletes from receiving just compensation.

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Some aspects of Title IX will tell you which side you will decide on. Even though I think Title IX is fair to men and women some may disagree with me. They might say that since Title IX seems to be paying more attention to girls they tend to cut out equal rights for men such as playing sports.

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Title nine requires athletic programs to be equivalent to enrollment. The number of sports programs for each sex should reflect the ratio of students enrolled in the school. With more women attending college the need for more sports programs has grown dramatically. I don’t want to get in a political discussion about schools who have cut men’s programs so I will only speak on schools who have added women’s programs. This opportunity has not only improved

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Title IX was signed into law in 1972 and it required equality for male and female students in each educational program and activity that received federal funding. This means that universities had to offer sports that women could participate in. The reasons Title IX came into being was a demand from Women’s Rights organizations for equal opportunities. Prior to 1972, sports, competition, and many other university programs were generally considered to be masculine and “ not ladylike.”

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The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare issued the initial interpretation of Title IX’s application into intercollegiate athletics. The (HEW), now referred to as Health and Human Services (HHS) faced a decline in 1975 due to institutional compliance issues. These regulations were felt by many universities across the United States and was criticized as “inadequate and vague”. However, Title IX was passed in 1972, the seriousness with certain institutions considered this law while planning their athletic programs has dramatically changed over time with a variety of different court rulings and legislation.

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Title IX has had a greater impact than just on the playing field, and other areas. Have you ever heard of the impact Title IX has had on the field? But have you ever heard of the impact it 's had on science, college campuses or even with sexual harassment? The first thing we 'll have to figure out would be the needs for Title IX.

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Gender: PL 92-318, In Title IX of the Education Amendments the U.S. Congress prohibited discrimination on the basis of sex against students and employees of any school receiving federal financial assistance. Just like the race law that I choose this law made it so that I, as well as many others were treated fairly while being educated. Everyone male or female had the same opportunities to learn what they wished. Disability: 526 U.S. 66, In Cedar Rapids Community School District v. Garrett F. the Supreme Court ruled that school districts are required to provide nursing services when such supportive services are necessary for students to access and benefit from their educational program. This law made it so that when I was hurt or sick at school I had a place to go.

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Over the past hundred years, we have made great strides in gradually introducing our society to gender equity. Title IX does a great, if not perfect, job of reinforcing this and our newfound sociological ideals. It needs to remain the law of the land for many reasons. For one, it has already led to great advances in women’s sports participation rates at the college and high school levels. For another, it protects members of both genders.

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but it still is. To stop discrimination I think we should introduce Title IX for often and pound it into people’s mind. Because it’s not talked about enough in today’s world and that’s why it’s still an issue. And I feel people don’t know enough about it to try and stop it for good. As a lot of good has come from Title lX it has its downs too for many female athletes.

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For, instance, if college athletes were to unionize and get paid, then all collegiate athletes would want the same compensation deal, although their sport doesn’t generate as much revenue as power and performance sports such as football and basketball. The ramifications can be serious if female student athletes mention Title IX, which is a gender equity law that prohibits sex discrimination in any federally funded program or activity. Since some women’s sports generate revenue,

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