Case Name, Citation, Year Cook v. Florida High School Athletic Association (FHSAA), 09-cv-00547 M.D. Fla. (2009) Facts of the Case: On June 16, 2009 parents of female athletes at FHSAA member schools filed suit against the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida alleging that the newPolicy 6 discriminates against female students according to Title IX by reducing school participation in completions by 40 percent at the varsity level and 20 percent at the sub-varsity level. The plaintiffs also stated a complaint that male driven sports where exempt from this action because cheerleading was not recognized as a sport thus breaking the Title IX law. Issues: Why did Policy 6 reduced the number of competitions
Book Paper: 37 Words I had the opportunity to read the book “37 Words: Title IX and Fifty Years of Fighting Sex Discrimination,” by Sherry Boschert. In this book, Boschert presents the story of women working in higher education in the 1960s and fighting for gender equity. These women realized that their frustrating experiences at work were not isolated incidents but rather part of a larger system of discrimination against women. Their activism led to the passing of Title IX in 1972, which prohibited discrimination on the basis of gender in all schools receiving federal funding.
The case that sparked my interest on equal protection was Mississippi University for Women v. Hogan. This case allowed Joe Hogan, a registered nurse enrollment in two state supported coeducational nursing programs, but denied him enrollment in the Mississippi University for Women’s School of Nursing’s baccalaureate program, on the grounds that he was a male. The significance of the case is that parties seeking to uphold a statute that classifies individual’s gender must carry the burden of showing an "exceedingly persuasive justification" for the classification. Also, single-sex admissions policy of MUW 's School of Nursing cannot be justified on the ground that it compensates for discrimination against women.
Some argue that furthering options for female athletics would starve already successful men’s programs. This is, unfortunately, true to some extent. George F. Will writes in his article “A Train Wreck Called Title Ix” on the Newsweek website that colleges terminated over 400 men 's athletic teams to produce precise proportionality between the genders enrollments and participation in athletics. Although growing women’s athletics did cause some shortage in funding for men it is illogical to deny rights to one people group for the sake of having excess in another group. Female athletic programs were easy to blame for terminating some men’s programs, but if the funding were split more evenly between minor and major sports those programs might have
The Title IX is a law that requires all education programs, mainly sports, that are federally funded to have gender equality. In 1906 the NCAA (National Collegiate Athletic Association) was created for formatting and enforcing rules in men's football, but it soon became the ruling body for college athletics. The NCAA was great for men but not so much for women, women did not get athletic scholarships and there were no championships for women's teams. In 1972 the Title IX was signed by President Nixon and passed, allowing more women to join sports teams and get college degrees. Currently there are more than 2.6 million girl athletes in high school and more than 150,000 in college.
Spring Branch I.S.D. v. Stamos Supreme Court of Texas, 1985 695.S.W.2d 556 [27 Educ. L. Rep. 640] This case examined the constitutionality of the Texas Education Code 21.920 (b) “No Pass, No Play” rule: A student, other than a mentally retarded student, enrolled in a school district in this state shall be suspended from participation in any extracurricular activity sponsored or sanctioned by the school district during the grade reporting period after a grade reporting period in which the student received a grade lower than the equivalent of 70 on a scale of 100 in any academic class. The campus principal may remove this suspension if the class is an identified honors or advanced class. A student may not be suspended under this subsection
Why do we need oversight? Why do we need to guard change? The author states that if “left unattended a new law or policy can turn out to be totally ineffective” (Mandell & Schram, pg. 482). If no one enforces a law who says it will be followed?
The policies of Title IX is a problem that has been an issue pushed under the rug for years and it needs to be revised. Men’s teams shouldn’t have to be cut, all it takes is changes within the universities and a public voice. Spreading the word about Title IX and the negative effects will open the eyes of politicians, courts, and the universities. If everyone started a trend on social media and put pressure on the colleges, they could make a plan to reverse the negative effects. Challenging and changing the impurities of Title IX won’t make genders’ in athletics unequal, but balanced and ultimately just.
Title IX is a great law that help women get the same rights in education as men. Title IX has been active for over forty years and has been helping women achieve equality. Title IX is a law that stops sex discrimination and helps break down the barriers that women once had difficulty getting passed. This essay will be showing how Title IX is fair to men and women. This essay will show how Title IX is fair and show the claims on Title IX.
Title IX has had a huge effect on public school education. In fact the impact is so great I could not list them all. For the sake of time I will list the biggest one and that is the impact on women’s athletics. In 1971 only 15% of the athletes in college were women. In 2012 that number is 43%.
Title IX was signed into law in 1972 and it required equality for male and female students in each educational program and activity that received federal funding. This means that universities had to offer sports that women could participate in. The reasons Title IX came into being was a demand from Women’s Rights organizations for equal opportunities. Prior to 1972, sports, competition, and many other university programs were generally considered to be masculine and “ not ladylike.”
The primary aim of SB1146, currently, applies to colleges who receive state or federal funding; the bill desires to prevent these colleges from enforcing codes of student conduct that reflect the school’s beliefs about sexuality identity and confining marriage to male/female relationships. The final draft of this bill asserts that if any school declares that they are exempt from this bill, full disclosure must be made to faculty and staff and must be posted and written in various forms of media, as well as given to prospective students. Title IX, the precursor to this bill, states that a person may not be denied from any educational program or activity that receives financial aid due to their sexual identity. Title VII is applied to the workforce, and prohibits employers from discriminating against employees based on race, religion, origin, and sex. Both Title IX and VII were created to help prevent discrimination based on gender identity, among other things, by holding schools and employers accountable for their actions towards these people groups that may be more easily disrespected.
Decades ago, children of various races could not go to school together in many locations of the United States. School districts could segregate students, legally, into different schools according to the color of their skin. The law said these separate schools had to be equal. Many schools for children that possessed color were of lesser quality than the schools for white students. To have separate schools for the black and white children became a basic rule in southern society.
In the previous administration, it stated clearly that campuses should use the preponderance standards, which made it easier for campuses. Another changed was the timing each institution has to complete a Title IX investigation, now institutions do not have a fixed time frame. In the Obama’s administration institutions had 60 days to investigate and complete a case. DeVos new guidelines also let campuses opt to set their own appeals process on who can appeal in regarding responsibility and disciplinary sanctions. In addition, colleges have the power to determine an “informal resolution” if needed as mediation for cases.
In 1972 it was amended to include requirements that employers accommodate employee’s religious practices. This act applies to employers that have 15 or more employees, employment agencies, labor organizations, and the federal government (McConnell, 1991). Accommodating religious practices is what happens when a conflict arises in the workplace between employer and employee’s religious requirements. The employer allows accommodations to decrease hardship of this conflict on the employee religious practices and also tries to make sure minimal changes are made to workplace processes to allow this accommodation. This Act is not exclusively for those practicing Buddhism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, and etc.