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Transactional Theory

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Recommended: Review of related literature about factors of stress

Transactional Theories
Transactional theories of stress concentrate on the person’s touching response associated with their surroundings. the normal causative model of stress has been prolonged from a simplex. Conceptualization to a transactional clarification, whereby stress is “entrenched in associate current procedure that involves people handle with their environments, creating appraisals of these encounters, and efforts to deal with the problems that arise” At the transactional analysis, strain happens thanks to a perception that environmental demands transcend personal possessions (Lazarus &Folkman, 1986). Moreover, feat may be mutual, whereby the extent of nervous tension experienced by a private could manufacture an inclination …show more content…

brick refers to any grueling plan to vary environmental circumstances or manage feeling no matter outcome (Lazarus &Folkman, 1991).Following to the operation of a brick arrange, appraisal of things, and of the ultimate effects of the brick response, occurs. The cognitive-nature of the appraisal method and also the foregone conclusion of its influence on the success of brick construct analysis of brick outcomes for the most part one-sided and, therefore, terribly tough to measure (Hart & Cooper, 2001).The discussion on the interactive or transactional theories of occupational stress exposed that the researchers have conceptualized these theories in additional than a number of essentially dissimilar ways in which. The central purpose of interactional-theories of stress is that the structural look of the person’s communication with their work atmosphere, whereas, the transactional-theories of stress center on the person’s moving reactions and psychological feature development …show more content…

The occupational stress Inventory was developed by Dr.SamuelOsipow to help line of work behavioural counselors in working-out programs to deal with occupational stress (Osipow& Davis, 1998). Osipow's model think of however stress is expounded to the varied aspects of labor roles that are established within the literature. to work out the extent of occupational stress, the individual's slanted negative response to worry should be measured (Osipow& Davis, 1998). Thus, psychological strain is additionally measured, as stress-strain move (Cartwright & Cooper, 1997; Kahn, 1986). below the class of psychological strain, the OSI-R appearance at emotional and subjective. Sleeping disarray, upset, use of alcohol, and social removal also are examined (Osipow& Davis, 1998). Researchers have additionally checked out the OSI-R a lot of Australian employees during a style of professions, starting from general white collar jobs, high positions in military, and located that stress-coping predict variance in strain. the simplest measures to predict bury personal strain were found to be role-overload, role-boundary, and answerability (Osipow& Davis, 1998). The OSI-R symbolize a comprehensive model of occupational stress-strain-coping, and relies upon the analysis in stress management that established association among these 3 factors

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In “How to make stress your friend” by Kelly McGonigal, she explained that her perspective about stress had changed for the better. In the video, Kelly demonstrated a few exercises to describe how stress benefit not only one’s mind but one’s body. In my opinion, I always thought stress was the enemy and when there’s less stress, life is better. However, Kelly persuaded me that stress drive us to improve our life and handle stressful situations better. After I had watched the video, I agreed with McGonigal because for me, stress does force me to do what I think best for that moment.

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Any type of stress is said to have a powerful effect on some individuals. The effects can then result in a disruption of their instinctive judgment or performance of actions. In Mark Haddon’s The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time, the idea of stress is shown occasionally throughout the novel. Another book that expresses this specific idea in a similar manner is J.D. Salinger’s

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The OSI-R is a concise measure of occupational stress, psychological strain, and coping resources (Osipow & Spokane, 1998). The OSI-R was an assessment choice because Karly reports feeling anxious about returning to work and wanted to improve her coping skills. Particular attention was paid to her coping resources; measured by the Personal Resources Questionnaire (Osipow & Spokane, 1998). The assessment helped her identify and understand sources of stress in her work role and within her organization and occupation. With Karly making the transition out of the teaching profession and into the counselling field, the OSI-R will allow her to achieve an optimum fit between her and her new career.

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Daily, we are engrossed with the stress of work, and our families. A student wishes to depart from his/her sleepless nights. Stress overcomes the student and it feels as if they’ll never be able to escape the endless circle of the pile of “to-do’s.” A man becomes overcome with the fear of being laid off because he won’t be able to provide for his family. That stress will engorge and it feels that the weight on his shoulders becomes overbearing.

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Specific purpose: To inform my audience the physical, mental, and emotional effects of stress. Central Idea: Stress effects people physically, mentally, and emotionally. Introduction I. Imagine being so stressed that it affected you emotionally, physically, and mentally. II.

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The study included ninety-two different jobs (i.e. managers, service jobs, and technicians). Their results showed that there was a correlation between job PAQ scores and stress data that they collected. No matter if the job was considered high or low stress, the PAQ scores that were found had similar stress data in both stress

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) There are many different kinds of support given to workers in order to help them deal with stress. Here we will be looking at types of stress support given to employees as well as their stressors, by giving examples of these derived from the case study. Types of support given can include psychological support, cognitive support, employee assistance programs and physical support (Lehrer et al, 1994). Types of stressors that employees face are work overload, work-life balance, emotional and physical labor, job ambiguity and job demands (Danna & Griffin, 1999). Under psychological support there are various mediation and relaxation techniques that are used in order to help support employees suffering from stress.

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1 4 Life positions People’s opinions differ from each other and will cause a certain amount of conflict between them that manifest themselves as an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviours (Berne, 1964). He defined transactional analysis as “the method for studying interactions between individuals”, and identified three alter ego states that are present in every person, namely the parent, child and adult that is briefly described below. 4.1 Parent This type of behaviour is the result of our upbringing and education during the first five years of life and is evidenced by anger or impatient body language and expressions and words such as always, never and other words of a critical nature (Berne, 1964).

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The Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping was developed by American psychologist Richard S. Lazarus. It is used to analyze the complex processes individuals undergo in coping with stressful life experiences. The core assumption of this theory is that coping is a process wherein adaptational outcomes are determined by how individuals appraise stressful experiences, the coping styles that are employed by the individual, and how dispositional and situational factors serve as mediating variables (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984; Lazarus, 1999). In early traditional approaches, studies have primarily focused on examining the causal relationship between stress and coping.

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In this section the author describes the theories that will support the analysis of information. In order to construct a theoretical background for the study the author chose to describe theories regarding the selection of countries. 5.1 Transaction costs theory Transaction cost theory was developed by Coase (1937) and then re-analyzed by Williamson (1979). The theory explains why companies exist and expand their activities to external environments finding out that ‘’A Transaction cost occurs when a good or service is transferred across a technologically separable interface’’.

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Specific Purpose: To inform the audience about how stress develops and its effects on the workplace. Tentative Thesis: Though the definition of stress is already well-known among our society, we remain ignorant towards how stress develops everywhere and influences the workplace. Introduction I. Attention

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Literature Review on Fundamental Theories IT outsourcing is a topic that not in short of theories. During the last 3 decades, a large amount of empirical work across the last three decades has been guided by three main categories of theories. Those theory groups further developed into different schools which are the base for analyzing the impacts of outsourcing activities. In this research, empirical work based on three most important theories from economic (Transaction cost theory), strategic (Resource- based theory) and social category( relational/ social theories ) were selected for an in depth discussion. No claims are made that any one theory outperforms others.

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Stress involves interaction of the person and environment. To quote a definition: “Stress is an adaptive response to an external situation that results in physical, psychological and / or behavioural deviations for organizational participants” (Luthans, 1998). Stress has generally been viewed as a set of neurological and physiological reactions that serves an adaptive function (Franken, 1994). Traditionally, stress research has been oriented toward studies involving the body's reaction to stress and the cognitive processes that influence the perception of stress. However, social perspectives of the stress response have noted that different people experiencing similar life conditions are not necessarily affected in the same manner (Pearlin, 1982).

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3. Review of literature 3.1 Stress and its types: Stress is an essential mediator of human behaviour. Immediate physiological response to any type of stressor facilitates survival of the species at its maximum. Despite of normal homeostatic regulatory mechanism, the stress responses can become maladaptive. Chronic stress, for example immobilization, exposure to noise, irradiations, psychological stress can leads to a host of adverse health consequences, including cardiovascular diseases, neurodegeneration, obesity, depression and early ageing (McEwen et al, 2004).

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The workplace had become a high stress environment in many organizations cutting across industries. Employees were experiencing high level of stress due to various factors

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