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History on animal testing for a persuasive essay
History on animal testing for a persuasive essay
History on animal testing for a persuasive essay
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Scientist have been overstepping boundaries in many parts of the scientific world, one of these being animal testing. Animal testing is when scientist test on animals and inject them or mutate their genes for a human gain, typically with no gain for the animal. The National Library of Medicine posted an article on the flaws and harms of animal experimentation, these flaws can be put in these, “...three major conditions undermine this confidence and explain why animal experimentation, regardless of the disease category studied, fails to reliably inform human health: (1) the effects of the laboratory environment and other variables on study outcomes, (2) disparities between animal models of disease and human diseases, and (3) species differences in physiology and genetics.” The first condition being the influence of laboratory procedures and environments on experimental results. The conditions in these experiments show that, “animals in laboratories are involuntarily placed in artificial environments, usually in windowless rooms, for the duration of their lives.
If animals testing was not done the scientist could have studied the experiment before to predict the
Animal experimentation is also ineffective method. The main reason why they are inaccurate is because of the huge differences between humans and animals. Many times animals have been tested on a drug and the drug was considered not harmful. But, was then later tested on a human and the human died. Animal testing is just killing animals for no reason because there will always be the first human to test a new drug or cosmetic.
Animal testing goes as far back to greek philosophers such as Aristotle (384 – 322 BC) and Erasistratus (304 – 258 BC). Whom once performed testing on animals to advance behavior of something or who aspired to alter brain activity. However there was scientists such as Galen (129 – 199 / 217 AD), who used animals in order to attempt to improve various human activity within the body. Specifically focusing on cures and treatment for those who don't have them. Later, Ibn Zuhr began to use animal testing to benefit humans in which he would perform surgeries on them to ensure that the procedures would not harm humans.
In conclusion, society’s attitude towards animal testing is quite balanced. There is not one particular research where society is all for or against the subject of animals in medical research. Over the past 20 years many individuals attitude has change as some are beginning to show support for testing as they have seen the now breakthrough’s that are helping critically ill patients. Medical research has not particularly been affected by society’s attitudes, research has become more stronger over the years as individuals are beginning to see the breakthroughs and results from the testings, this has been shown in surveys by Pifer (1994) and Corwin (1999). There need to be more consideration for further research on society’s attitude toward
Animal testing has been practiced around the 17th century at least and has been used for the majority of scientific testing around the globe. The oldest known experiment with animal testing was with William Harvey 's experiment by demonstrating blood circulation on multiple animal types. Animal testing continued to spread throughout Europe in the 19th century where anesthetics were developed which made the use of animals in testing possible. In 1876, the Cruelty to Animals Act passed. This set limits on animal
2.0 Body Content 2.1 Reduction A way of justifying animal testing is to reduce the number of animals involved in animal testing. In 1970s, 5.5 million of various animals including chimpanzees, dogs, mice, rabbits, monkeys etc. are involve in the medical research field as test subjects for various experiments (PETA, 2014). However, some experiments were not beneficial to the development of the medical field but cost over a million dollar. In the United States of America, 16 billion dollars had been used on animal experimentation- 1.9 million dollars are used on the experimenting on heart diseases on dogs conducted by Ohio State University, 5 million dollars were used on obesity experiments conducted by Oregon National Primate Research Centre, while 16 million dollars were used by Harvard University to fund 1200 individual experiments on drug addiction by using monkeys as test subjects. Although animals were sacrificed in the experiments, most experiments did not reach its goal due to flaws causing a waste of life (Grant, 2013; Peta, 2014).
Every year, billions of animals are killed for human consumption. Millions of animals are being used in the laboratory for product testing that would benefit humans. Thousands of animals are killed for their fur, skin, or trunk. People only think of animals as species that are lower and will never be equal to them. Ideas such as animals exist for humans even existed.
Animal testing is a highly controversial subject, disputed among many. It is evidently not pleasant to animals, but it is extremely beneficial for scientific findings. Some say it is a necessary evil, and some say it is animal cruelty. Others cannot simply make up their minds about this subject. Although many people are against animal testing, it must continue due to medicine development, advantages of testing animals over other subjects, and the regulated experiments for the animals’ safety.
Humans experiment on other animals for a number of reasons, from understanding the body and organs to discovering world altering vaccines and medicines. The origins of animal testing in the United States can be traced back to the 1950’s. According to Kathleen Conlee, vice president of animal research issues at the Humane Society of the United States, and Andrew Rowan, president of the Humane Society International, animal testing first began when vast numbers of primates were captured to help develop a polio vaccine. Once a vaccine was created, researchers began using the excess animals to perform other experiments and research queries (Conlee & Rowan S31). Nowadays, drug and chemical research companies widely apply animal experimentation.
Approximately 46% of the experiments tested on animals fall into this category. The use of fundamental testing is to answer scientific questions that researchers think may be pertinent to the future of human medicine. A study of the statistics gathered shows that out of 101 experiments done, only 5% of them were actually approved. Meaning these tests seldomly lead to medical discoveries. With all of this information, one can come to the conclusion that these tests, due to their lack of positive result, are not at all necessary (“Types of Animal Testing”).
Mahatma Gandhi (1915) once said, “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated”. Since the mid 19th century, animal testing has been prevalent throughout the world. Up to this date, about 115 million animals have been put to death each year for the use of animal testing which is thought to be used in the fields of medical research, drugs and cosmetic testing (International, n.d.). According to the Cruelty Free International Organization (2016), animal testing is not diminishing and in many parts of the world is increasing and is still at the same level as it was in the 1980s. Statistics show that an animal dies in a laboratory every 3 seconds, which makes animals suffer in torment and experience distress and misery more and more every year (Fieser, 2008).
Animal testing, though beneficial for scientific study, discovery, and experimentation, can be detrimental and threatening for the animals tested on, making it a very debatable and controversial topic. Hope R. Ferdowsian, a George Washington University Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department of medicine, and Nancy Beck, a member of the Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, are authors of the article “Ethical and Scientific Considerations Regarding Animal Testing and Research.” They discuss the “3 R’s” as being the reduction, refinement, and replacement of animals when doing scientific research. They write, “These principles encouraged researchers to work to reduce the number of animals used in experiments to the minimum considered
Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what it involve. Whether it is called animal testing, experimentation or research, it should be defined as all testing methods on animals including, medical exploration, cosmetics, toxicology trialing, and psychological examination involving animal subjects. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of medications and beauty products as well as understanding how the human physiology works. While supporters believe it is necessary practice, those against animal testing believe that it involves torture and suffering to animals. Medical research is the hardest case of proposition in the debate whether animal testing should be banned or not, since it has previously yielded substantial benefits for humanity.
In the present age, it is inevitable and undeniable to develop scientific research given the high demand for medicine and veterinary health. It is universally acknowledged that animals play an indispensable role in scientific research. The British Royal Society, argues that" virtually every medical achievement in the past century reliant on the use of animals in some way. "(The Royal Society 2004, p.1)
