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Animal testing and human society
Debate of animal testing
Ethical issues with animal testing and how this affects the society
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“A Question of Ethics” by Jane Goodall and “Animal Research Saves Lives” by Heloisa Sabin presents two sides of the same coin in regards to Animal testing. Thereby, questioning the validity or necessity of animal research and testing today. In “A Question of Ethics” by Goodall she presents a scenery of the living conditions of the animals which are often isolated; posing the ultimate questions of, whether animal research is essential to medical research? Or How many tests are performed only to conform to laws and not out of scientific merit? The Suggestion was made that scientists should explore alternative options, such as testing on cell and tissue cultures.
Scientist have been overstepping boundaries in many parts of the scientific world, one of these being animal testing. Animal testing is when scientist test on animals and inject them or mutate their genes for a human gain, typically with no gain for the animal. The National Library of Medicine posted an article on the flaws and harms of animal experimentation, these flaws can be put in these, “...three major conditions undermine this confidence and explain why animal experimentation, regardless of the disease category studied, fails to reliably inform human health: (1) the effects of the laboratory environment and other variables on study outcomes, (2) disparities between animal models of disease and human diseases, and (3) species differences in physiology and genetics.” The first condition being the influence of laboratory procedures and environments on experimental results. The conditions in these experiments show that, “animals in laboratories are involuntarily placed in artificial environments, usually in windowless rooms, for the duration of their lives.
Every year several million animals die due to animal testing in for medical, psychological, and products research. Moreover, animal testing is something that shouldn’t be continued and for it is completely wrong and cruel. Animal testing started in the late 300’s BC. Aristotle and Erasistratus performed many experiments that involved living animals. Similarly, Galen, a greek physician, conducted animals research to explore the field of anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology.
Numerous people have attempted to justify the use of such methods by putting down or rather, dismissing the animal as a creature lacking the mental capacities to be considered equals to that of a human being. In their book "Animal Experimentation : The Moral Issue" authors Robert M. Baird and Stuart E. Rosenbaum say, "holders of rights must have the capacity to comprehend rules of duty, governing all including themselves" (104). He then goes on to explain that "animals do not have such moral capacities" (Baird 105). And as a result of this "we can't violate their rights because they have none" (Baird 105). Dismissing the animal as nothing more then an object may not seem like the most reasonable defense against the use of animals for testing
Many people all over the world have debated on whether we should proceed with animal testing. Various people have agreed, and many have disagreed on this topic of animal experimentation. Some
These days, many companies use a variety of methods for product development and stability verification. One of them, animal experimentation, has been a controversial issue in the past until now and it has also confronted with various reactions in regards to its admissibility. We need to respect and cherish the dignity of animals. They are, like humans, are entitled to basic needs and their way of life should not be intervened and determined by human beings. Also, animal experiments are an act of looking at animals and ignoring their basic rights as living beings.
Although the experimentation of animals has furthered medical knowledge, it should not be allowed because it is brutal and animals are unable to give their approval. In order to do a study on humans it must be authorized by them, where animals are unable to give consent, which strikes questions in the world of science on whether this is morally acceptable. Although animal experimentation can result in saving the lives of millions, many find it to be cruel and unjust. Seeing as animals are unable to speak for themselves, they are still able to express their emotions through their behavior.
The terms animal testing, animal experimentation, animal research, in vivo testing, and vivisection have similar denotations but different connotations. Literally, "vivisection" means the "cutting up" of a living animal, and historically referred only to experiments that involved the dissection of live animals. The term is occasionally used to refer pejoratively to any experiment using living animals; for example, the Encyclopedia Britannica defines "vivisection" as: "Operation on a living animal for experimental rather than healing purposes; more broadly, all experimentation on live animals,” although dictionaries point out that the broader definition is "used only by people who are opposed to such work.” The word has a negative connotation,
2.0 Body Content 2.1 Reduction A way of justifying animal testing is to reduce the number of animals involved in animal testing. In 1970s, 5.5 million of various animals including chimpanzees, dogs, mice, rabbits, monkeys etc. are involve in the medical research field as test subjects for various experiments (PETA, 2014). However, some experiments were not beneficial to the development of the medical field but cost over a million dollar. In the United States of America, 16 billion dollars had been used on animal experimentation- 1.9 million dollars are used on the experimenting on heart diseases on dogs conducted by Ohio State University, 5 million dollars were used on obesity experiments conducted by Oregon National Primate Research Centre, while 16 million dollars were used by Harvard University to fund 1200 individual experiments on drug addiction by using monkeys as test subjects. Although animals were sacrificed in the experiments, most experiments did not reach its goal due to flaws causing a waste of life (Grant, 2013; Peta, 2014).
Abstract Animal testing the experiments performed on animals that are used to test the effectiveness and safety of a wide range of things, from medication to cosmetics. They are also used to understand how the human body works. Animal testing is one of the major controversial issues, but animal testing has dramatically contributed to science. First, some people think that animal testing should not be used for testing medical techniques and drugs. However, medical research involving animal testing improved the health of human beings.
More than 100 million animals including cats and dogs, are poisoned, burned, crippled, and abused in U.S. labs each year. No matter how cruel, redundant, or painful an experiment may be, none of them are illegal. Even when valid alternatives to animals are available, the law does not require that they be used. Also, ninety two percent of experimental drugs that are safe on animals fail in human clinical trials because they either do not work or are dangerous. Even though it is cruel to the animals, not always effective, and there are existing alternatives, animal testing is still used around the world every day, but is animal testing necessary?
One of the most widely discussed issues is the argument over animal testing. Millions of animals at this moment are locked in cold cages of laboratories to be tested on. About 26.9 million animals each year are sacrificed and tested on under the name of medical research. All kinds of animals are needed for medical research such as amphibians, reptiles, birds, rats, mice, etc. Supporters say animal testing is beneficial for medical research and also a key discovery to all sorts of new cures and medicines.
Imagine an enraged animal rights activist charging toward a scientist in a white lab coat, desperate to free the little mice that are being used as test subjects. Although comical, this scene may be quite accurate when describing the passion that animal lovers have when it comes to the touchy subject of animal testing. For centuries, animal testing has been used in the medical research field, however many are now beginning to question whether it is ethical. Millions of animals are killed per year due to animal testing, so is this practice worth banning? Animal testing is a controversial subject, with supporters pointing out the medical advances that have stemmed from animal research and animal rights activists declaring it cruel and immoral.
Many people have different ideas on animal testing and if it is or is not appropriate for medical research. Many disagree, but there are some that think it’s necessary for testing to be done. Animal testing is necessary because it helps develop life saving medical treatments for not only humans, but animals, and it helps determine how medicine will react to the human body. Animal testing is appropriate for medical research because testing helps develop life saving medical treatments for humans. Without testing, scientist wouldn’t have found ways to help people with breast cancer or childhood Leukemia.
Animal testing is a phrase that most people have heard but are perhaps still unsure of exactly what it involve. Whether it is called animal testing, experimentation or research, it should be defined as all testing methods on animals including, medical exploration, cosmetics, toxicology trialing, and psychological examination involving animal subjects. It is used to assess the safety and effectiveness of medications and beauty products as well as understanding how the human physiology works. While supporters believe it is necessary practice, those against animal testing believe that it involves torture and suffering to animals. Medical research is the hardest case of proposition in the debate whether animal testing should be banned or not, since it has previously yielded substantial benefits for humanity.
