ipl-logo

Vicarious Learning In Children: Observational Study

1918 Words8 Pages
bulb-icon

Recommended: Compare and contrast classical conditioning, operant conditioning and Social learning theory

Observational learning in children may contribute to the development of social anxiety. Askew, C., Hagel, A., & Morgan, J. (2015) were interested in studying the effect of vicarious (observational) learning in children between the ages of 8 to 11 years old. According to Askew et al., (2015) social anxiety is related to fear beliefs and emotional stroop bias. Askew et al., (2015) studied the effect of observing a social performance situation with a negative outcome on children’s fearful-related beliefs and cognitive processing. Individuals who hear of others experiencing an embarrassing situation might eventually learn to respond to negative outcomes such as fear, and avoidance of the situation. The purpose of this paper is to increase the knowledge …show more content…

Classical conditioning is a process of a previous stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does: as a result, the first neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response. Indirect (vicarious learning or information) learning process is associated with an indirect process, without an individual directly experiencing trauma themselves. For example, fear can be socially transmitted through observing other people responding fearfully to a particular stimulus or via negative information from others. An individual who hears of others experiencing an embarrassing social situation might eventually learn to avoid such situations despite the absence of the event. It is surprising that recent studies have shown that adults with social anxiety disorder report more experiences of childhood teasing than adults with either panic disorder or obsessive compulsive disorder. (McCabe, R. E., Miller, J. L., Laugesen, N., Antony, M. M., & Young, L., …show more content…

One of the methods the researchers used is the PAPA assessment. This test can be used for a wide range of disorders. It included, interviews over the telephone with children at age 3 with the supervision of the parents. Furthermore, the PAPA assessment was used to measure children at age 6 with the supervision of the parents. The second measurement that the researchers used was the K-SADS. This test can be used to assess a range of psychopathology in children and adolescents. At the age-9 assessment, 26 children met criteria for a new anxiety disorder. Another way that the researchers measured the results was with the CBCL. This test can be used to assess anxiety disorders. CBCL consisted of 6 items that are rated for the past 6 months on a scale (0=not true; 2= very or often true). The last way that the researchers measured the children’s results was with the SCID. This test can be used to assess lifetime maternal anxiety. (Meyer et al.,

Show More
Related
1196 Words | 5 Pages

The primary aim of this paper is to conduct a review

Read More
1239 Words | 5 Pages

The students were asked to answer a 5 point scale survey. The article states, “This scale consisted of 15 items measuring depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic symptoms” (Neto pg. 135 2010). 77 percent did not have psychological problems. The boys had lest physiatric problems them the girl. Although 77 percent of the children did not have a problem we have to be able to help the 23 people that did have some symptoms.

Read More
1056 Words | 5 Pages

The value of this book is defined by the fact that it has not only theoretical but also practical importance. On the other hand, it is possible to designate several serious critical remarks concerning the main ideas of the

Read More
1701 Words | 7 Pages

Behavior therapy was studied by Ivan Pavlov and his famous dog study in which dogs were conditioned to salivate upon hearing a bell. It was later continued to be studied by John Watson who has the famous “Little Albert” study in which an 11-month old infant was conditioned to be scared of fuzzy white things because a rat was paired with a loud noise. The conclusion of the two conditioning experiences was that, behaviors followed by satisfying experiences tend to increase in frequency and behaviors followed by aversive experiences tend to decrease in frequency” (Thoma, 2015). Watson’s assistant Mary Jones, used this principle to clinical applications reasoning that, “if conditioning could be used to induce a phobia, perhaps it could be used to undo a phobia as well” (Thoma, 2015). Thus, behavior therapy was developed and began being used for

Read More
903 Words | 4 Pages

1.Classical conditioning is a learning process first discovered by the Russian physiologist Ivan Petrovich Pavlov in the early 1900s. The theory of Classical Conditioning deals with the learning process leading us to gain a new behavior via the process of association. Internal mental thoughts and brain mechanisms play a huge role in associative learning. Classical Conditioning works by pairing involuntary response with stimulus. After which, unconditioned response becomes conditioned response.

Read More
1621 Words | 7 Pages

There is now strong evidence to support the use of cognitive-behavioral therapy, coping cat, as a first – line treatment for children and adolescence with anxiety. Articles and researches showed that anxiety disorders are one of the most common mental illness disorders in children and adolescents, but they often go untreated and undetected. Identification and effective intervention of childhood anxiety disorders can decrease the negative effect of these disorders on academic achievements and social relation and functioning in youth and their persistence into adulthood (Connolly & Nanayakkara, 2009). Multi studies focused on evidence-based treatment interventions for childhood anxiety disorders, and on the effect of applied intervention like coping cat program on anxiety level in childhood anxiety disorders (Lenz, 2016; Podell et al., 2010). Although the literature covered a wide variety of such issues, this review will focus on major issue which showed in different themes throughout the literature reviewed.

Read More
2112 Words | 9 Pages

Opponents stated that false-positive results may cause parental anxiety and result in unnecessary follow-up tests and possibly unnecessary interventions (Keren et al., 2002). In 2003, Baroch’s study consisted of an evaluation of maternal stress in relation to referral rates. The study indicated maternal stress was lower than what other studies previously suggested. According to the results, less than half of the mothers felt highly worried. The better the language development, the less parental stress, and the better social development of children.

Read More
2548 Words | 11 Pages

Introduction Learning enables you as an individual, to gain more knowledge about something which you have never learned about. Learning also has to do with past experiences which are influenced by behavioural changes (Weiten, 2016). There are different types of ways to learn; through, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and observational learning which will be discussed and analysed in the essay.   Behaviourism Behaviourism is considered one of the main subjects in psychology and the two main people who founded behaviourism were, Burrhus Frederic Skinner, also known as B.F Skinner and Ivan Pavlov who were famous for the work they did on classical and operant conditioning (Moderato & Presti, 2006). According to Moderato and Presti

Read More
792 Words | 4 Pages

According to developmental psychology a person at any age is at a certain stage of cognitive, moral, psychosocial, and physical development. This development is measured by different types of thinking, mental capacity for tasks, physical strength, and reasoning for following rules. Development is easily seen in children. Naturalistic observation is the one of the easiest method to see these developments in children. This is the observation technique I used, while watching a five year old male at Kindercare Daycare at 3:30 on a Friday.

Read More
1155 Words | 5 Pages

The major key findings that were discovered in this study include the idea that it is possible that after being conditioned to react to a certain stimulus, the subject could possibly begin to generalize different objects that may cause the subject to react the same way towards the generalized stimuli as the subject did to the original stimulus. Another finding is that classical conditioning is something that could potentially have a long lasting effect on someone, especially if the subject formed a generalization to the original stimulus. The researchers felt that because of the lack of experimental evidence provided about the subject before this experiment prompted them to research it

Read More
1787 Words | 8 Pages

Introduction – Background information This paper is about child observation. I observed a child, Daniel (coded name). He is four years and two months old. Daniel is 103 cm and 18 kg.

Read More
820 Words | 4 Pages

At some point in our lives, we have learned by observing the behaviors of others. Observation can play a very important role in determining what and how we learn. It can have positive or negative effects on one 's development and behavior, especially in children. This is demonstrated in the social learning theory.

Read More
1644 Words | 7 Pages

Watson proposed that the process of classical conditioning (based on Pavlov’s observations) was able to explain all aspects of human psychology. The theory of classical conditioning involves learning a new behavior through a process of association. Meaning that two stimuli are linked together to create a newly learned response. There are three stages of classical conditioning, before conditioning, during conditioning and after conditioning (Mc Leod, 2014). Watson’s theory also involved the conditioning of emotions.

Read More
1558 Words | 7 Pages

This school of thought suggests that only observable behaviors should be studied, since internal states such as cognitions, emotions and moods are too subjective. There are two major types of conditioning: 1. Classical conditioning is a technique used in behavioral training in which a naturally occurring stimulus is paired with a response. Next, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with the naturally occurring stimulus.

Read More
1404 Words | 6 Pages

INTRODUCTION Have you ever thought on how people explain about behaviour? How do we know when learning process has occurred? Learning is permanent change that happened in the way of your behaviour acts, arises from experience one’s had gone through. This kind of learning and experience are beneficial for us to adapt with new environment or surrounding (Surbhi, 2018). The most simple form of learning is conditioning which is divided into two categories which are operant conditioning and classical conditioning.

Read More

More about Vicarious Learning In Children: Observational Study

Related Topics

Open Document