Cell signaling Essays

ST2 is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1) family that exist as both a transmembrane ligand (ST2L) and a soluble, circulating form (sST2).35 ST2 can be measured from various matrices without substantial differences in results and can be measured with highly sensitive and precise methods with well-defined reference limits.36-38 It is applicable as a biomarker for HF , both acute and chronic, due to its dose-dependent expression as a result of cardiomyocyte stretch which is known to cause

1. Describe MAPK pathway signaling (from the receptor activation to the gene transcription) Overall, the extracellular mitogen binds to the membrane receptor. This allows RAS GTPase to swap its GDP for a GTP. It can now activate MAP3K (e.g., RAF), which activates MAP2K, which activates MAPK. MAPK can now activate a transcription factor, such as MYC. In more details, receptor-linked tyrosine kinase as the epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is activated by extracellular ligand, epidermal growth factor

1. Bacteria can control bioluminescence using quorum sensing. In bioluminescence, signaling molecules are secreted that bind to many cell surface receptors, turning on genes, including those that produce bioluminescence. (http://www.hhmi.org/biointeractive/bacterial-quorum-sensing). Gene expression occurs in bacteria such as V. fischeri when there is a high salt density. Another activity that bacteria controls using quorum sensing is mating. A tumefaciens is a bacteria that uses this horizontal

The cell is the structural and functional unit of life. All living organisms on earth are made up of one or more cells. Bacteria is single cellular microscopic organism. The singular world of bacteria is bacterium.Bacteria have been grouped into prokaryotic, which means absence of nucleus. Basically organisms could be categorized as Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes (Jones et al, 2007). Prokaryotic cells are divided into two main domains as Archae and Bacteria whereas Eukaryotes are into one single domain

The daphnia, similarly to most simple invertebrates does not have red blood cells or lungs. Hemoglobin is responsible for carrying oxygen and nutrients to the blood for daphnia. Hemoglobin production increases under stressful situations for daphnia, allowing survival in low oxygen environments. Daphnia have an open circulatory system

hormones from the brain and from the endocrine cells in the testes, and the lack or insufficiency of one or more of these hormones can cause infertility or subfertility in the individual, making the right amounts of the hormones involved very important. One of the major hormones involved in the production of spermatozoa is the follicle stimulating hormone, or FSH in short, which is secreted from the

The word 'protein' was oined by Jon's Jacob Berzelius in 1838. For the previous 150 years, however there had been the concept of an ' animal substance' slight variants of which were thought to make up muscles, skin and blood. Proteins are essential for the human body. There is no life without protein. The efficiency or degree to which dietary proteins can be used for building parts of the human body is determined principally by the type and relative amounts of the Amino acid present in the particular

chromosomes from fusing to each other. However, each time a cell divides, some of the telomere is lost (usually 25-200 base pairs per division). When the telomere becomes too short, the chromosome reaches a "critical length" and can no longer replicate. This means that a cell becomes "old" and dies by a process called apoptosis. Telomere activity is controlled by two mechanisms: erosion and addition. Erosion, as mentioned, occurs each time a cell divides. Addition

orientation in invaginating tooth placodes, and to determine whether the orientation of the spindles correlates with the stratification of the tissue. Therefore, this will help to determine whether the mechanism of delamination is driven by oriented cell division. Animal husbandry and embryo isolation were carried out following procedure under the UK Home Office Animal Act 1986. CD1 wild type mice were used, and embryos were collected at E11.5. Pregnant mice were killed by cervical dislocation, and

Abstract The purpose of this experiment is to test for mitochondrial activity by isolating different organelles using the differential centrifugation process. Studying mitochondria is extremely important because they control the death and life of the cell by regulating the apoptotic signals (Frezza et al 2007). Also they are responsible for the metabolic reactions (aerobic respiration) and the production of ATP (Frezza et al 2007). Three hypotheses were formed based on my knowledge. First, it was hypothesized

With 370 trillion of them colonizing our gut, they outnumber our own body cells. These invisible creatures have all together altered our understanding of obesity in the last few years. Sedentary lifestyle and diet, now, do not even make 50% of the ‘obesity puzzle’. (2) Scientists have shown in mice the significant role of microbiota

growth and proliferation of endothelial cells and eventually result in the formation of new blood vessels. For this reason, angiogenesis inhibition in the treatment of many cancers, degeneration of an eye patch, and also in the treatment of diseases resulting from proliferation of blood vessels is used. The process of angiogenesis is influenced by several factors that led to a series of cellular events such as migration, growth and proliferation of endothelial cells and ultimately leads to the formation

Six functions of membrane proteins are transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM). Some membrane proteins span the membrane to provide a hydrophilic channel for hydrophilic substances to be able to pass through the lipid bilayer while other transport proteins are able to change their shapes to help move specific substances from one side to the other; some proteins use ATP as an

The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane) is a biological membrane that separates the interior of all cells from the outside environment (the extracellular space). It consists of a lipid bilayer with embedded proteins. The basic function of the cell membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. The cell membrane controls the movement of substances in and out of cells and organelles. In this way, it is selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules

Mitochondria are the main suppliers of ATP in most mammalian cells, it control both neurotic and the apoptosis signaling pathway, which is the apoptotic cell death pathways. Mitochondria is associated with the coordination of the cellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling. Mitochondria also produces and are targets of free radical species that control many characteristics of the cell’s physiology, this can be seen in Figure 1 and the structure and function can be seen in Figure 2. (Duchen and Szabadkai 2010)

many different cell types such as leukocytes, platelets, mast cells and vascular endothelial cells. PAF amplifies inflammatory responses by promoting leukocyte activation and platelet aggregation.4 PAF is regulated by an enzyme, PAF-acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH), which hydrolyzes PAF rendering it biologically inactive.2 It is important to study PAF regulation by researching the enzymes involved in its degradation to understand

fungi). The difference between them is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, whereas the prokaryotic cells don’t. There is also a difference in their cellular structure due to the lack of chloroplast, cell wall and mitochondria in the prokaryotic cells. Furthermore, the DNA material comes in different forms, the DNA of eukaryotic cells comes in forms of chromosomes while the DNA of the prokaryotic cells comes in forms of plasmids (a circular and double-stranded

prokaryotes have a nucleoid instead of a nucleus (which eukaryotic cells have), prokaryotes lack a membrane bound organelles while eukaryotes have them, prokaryotes are bacterial cells while eukaryotes can be considered the building blocks of plant and animal life. 2. A. A nucleus is basically the “brain” of a cell. It controls reproduction and contains the genetic information needed to reproduce. It can be found in eukaryotic cells. B. Endoplasmic reticulum- there are two types, the rough and smooth

The core of the cell is the nucleus and the largest component of it is the nucleolus. The nucleolus is found in all the eukaryote cells and it is a non membrane bound nuclear organelle.[1] The nucleolus is a domain lacking membrane, which is high in proteins and RNA content. The proteins continually moves between the nucleolus and the nucleoplasm because of the dynamics within the cell. The structure of the nucleolus is divided into three main subcomportaments, which are the fibrillar center

C) Describe the chemical composition of the plasma membrane and relate it to membrane function. The plasma membrane is the outer limiting membrane of a cell that separates the body’s two major fluid components, the intercellular fluid that is within cells and the extracellular fluid outside of cells. It is very thin, about 7 to 10 nm, and is composed of a bilayer of lipid molecules with proteins dispersed in it. The phospholipid bilayer is composed of a portion that is hydrophilic, or attracted