Citrate Essays

CITRATE TEST: Citrate was the carbon source of this medium. If an organism used the enzyme citrate permease, the medium became basic due to its utilization for fermentation of carbohydrates. The medium started out green and turned blue, indicating a positive test due to hydrolyzation of citrate into oxaloacetate and acetate using the enzyme citrate lyase. If growth was apparent but lacked a color change, it was a positive result. Acid = (green & negative) and base = (blue & positive) Growth = (positive)

Clomiphene citrate, more commonly known by its brand names Clomid and Serophene, is a drug prescribed to stimulate ovulation in order to treat infertility. This drug was created by Frank Palopoli in 1956 while he worked for Merrell Company. It was first successfully induced ovulation in women in 1961 and was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1967(102) It was approved for marketing in 1967 under the brand name Clomid. It was first used to treat cases of oligomenorrhea but was expanded

color change from green to blue as seen in Figure 5 (B), then the results are positive. After performing the test and incubated the bacteria for 24 hours, we observed that our unknown bacteria showed positive results meaning that it is able to use citrate as its sole source of carbon for

In this reaction no ATP is needed nor is any produced. What happens next is the formation of a Citrate molecule. Citrate Synthase is achieved by the loss of the CoA group form the Acetyl. In the second event Aconitase, the Citrate molecule in conjunction with the enzyme Aconitase forms Isocitrate (Frantz, 2008 pg.10). This enzyme with its oxidation sensitive iron sulfate cluster works to pull off a proton that

This reaction uses the enzyme aconitase. This is a reversible reaction. Iso- citrate is formed through the intermediate formation of cis-aconitate. Aconitase is an iron sulphur enzyme. In step three iso-citrate is oxidised to α-ketoglutarate and also CO2 is released. The enzyme which catalysis this reaction is iso- citrate dehydrogenase. It catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of iso- citrate to create α-ketoglutarate. In this reaction a six carbon sugar is reduced to a five carbon

is hydrolyzed slower than normal and the catalytic ability is greatly deteriorated. In another experiment, citrate synthase enzyme was analyzed and experimented with to determine if it had any linkage to Warburg effect to tumor malignancy. It was concluded that reducing the citrate synthase expression does indeed correlate with alterations in cellular bioenergetics. In cancer cells the citrate synthase expression was lower than a normal cell and it was determined that the expression also correlated

helps narrow down the possibilities by telling one whether the bacteria is gram positive or gram negative. After this test is performed, one shall place bacteria on/in Mannitol Salt agar, MacConkey agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar, Urea agar, Simmon’s Citrate, Purple Beef broth with Lactose and finally Purple Beef broth with Sucrose. A streak plate should also be made up, this helps one identify the morphology of the colonies. Once the streak plate has been inoculated, and colonies have grown, the Catalase

conducted to determine which of the following unknown bacteria was in test tube number 16: Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium. Biochemical tests were used to help identify the unknown bacteria. The Citrate test, Urease test, Triple Sugar Iron Agar test, Voges-Proskauer test, and Methyl Red test were the biochemical tests used in this experiment. The T-Streak method was also used to ensure that pure colonies were created. The results of the biomedical

The VP test if the color change was red it indicated a positive results. Citrate test is used to identify if an organism is capable of utilizing citrate as a sole carbon source. Citrate medium contains sodium citrate as the only carbon source. if the bacteria can utilize the citrate it will also convert to the ammonium phosphate to ammonia hydroxide. The test will conclude and the agar will turn blue it means citrate was

I. Science Fair Question How does the addition of sodium citrate and changing pH affect the ability of foods to undergo spherification? II. Background Research Did you ever hear the term molecular gastronomy? This research paper is going to talk about spherification. Terms that will be discussed in this paper will include molecular gastronomy, spherification, chemical reactions, and solutions. Molecular gastronomy is the area of food science that explores how to make spheres, as well as other ways

((Love J). sodium picosulphate in combination with magnesium citrate has synergistic effects. As mentioned earlier, sodium picosulphate has purgative actions, while magnesium citrate (osmotic laxative) reacts with water thereby retaining fluids in the colon. By these dual mechanisms sodiumpicoslphate/magnesium citrate exerts its bowel cleansing effects. Various clinical studies evaluated its efficacy in comparison with other bowel preparation

The first reaction is catalyzed by citrate synthase enzyme. Once the oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA are joined, the water molecule attack at acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A and release the coenzyme A from complex of oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA to formed citrate. Citrate synthase:(enzyme) The enzyme citrate synthase is present in nearly all living cells and act as a pace-making enzyme in the citric acid cycle’s first step. Citrate synthase is present in eukaryotes but is is made

hypothyroidism, and many patients taking this drug simultaneously take calcium supplements. Understanding how multiple drugs interaction is important to know whether there will be any undesirable effects. I plan to explain how calcium carbonate and calcium citrate supplements interact differently with levothyroxine and how the environment of the stomach and small intestine affects its absorption. Analyzing the neutral form of levothyroxine, there are three sites which have the possibility of being deprotonated

step 9 was modified and prepared slide was set to air dry instead of blotting the slide dry. Gram stain of B-7 microbe was analyzed under microscope and based on the observation next tests were chosen for further analysis: EMB, MacConcey, TSIA, SIM, Citrate, oxidase,

Vorges-Proskauer test, a Citrate test, a Urease Hydrolysis test, and lastly ,a Gelatin test, the unknown bacterium was narrowed down to E. coli. Important conclusions of this experiment were that many tests can be used for identification besides a simple gram stain. Introduction There are several ways to identify unknown bacteria. The first way of identification is gram stains. When a cell is

Since it was determined that the unknown bacteria is gram negative, it is the member of the Enterobacteriaceae. The test is successful because the media turned blue, which indicated that the bacteria is citrate positive because they're able to utilize citrate as their sole carbon source. They also able to convert the ammonium phosphate to ammonia and ammonium hydroxide, which then use to alkalinize the agar. At pH 7.5 or higher, the agar will turn blue. EMB coliform Eosin Methylene

electron transport in yeast: 1. Number the six test tubes and fill them using a dropper with 2 ml of yeast solution (put the finger on the tube that correspond to 1ml). 2. Add 4ml of MgCl2 to the first tube, iodoacetamide to the second, citrate to the third, citrate and iodoacetamine to the forth, formaldehyde to the fifth and distilled water to the sixth. 3. Add 0.5 ml of methylene blue to each tube. Shake the tubes to mix the content. 4. Incubate these tubes for 15 minutes at room temperature and

2: 12.75ml of Tween 80 is dissolved into a solution containing 8.5g of trisodium citrate. Heat is required to ensure full dissolution. 60ml of cream is added and mixed at high speed in a blender at 55°c. 50g of sugar, 50ml of ethanol are mixed together with 68.75ml of water. This is added to the cream mixture and blended at high speed. Experiment 3: 7.5g is dissolved into a solution containing 5g of trisodium citrate. Heat is required to ensure full dissolution. 37.5 ml of cream is added and mixed

tests is used to differentiate between the gram-negative species, similar to unknown 4. If the organism uses citrate as the primary carbon source, then they also contain ammonium phosphate as the nitrogen source. The medium used for this differential test is the Simmons Citrate Agar, which contains sodium citrate, and bromthymol blue is the pH indicator used to test for the presence of citrate. This test is performed with a light sample of the unknown bacterium, and a proper transfer should occur using

and minimising the effect of the addition of acid. When alkali is added, the OH- reacts with the dissociated H+ to form water, which reduces the effect of the alkali by restoring the pH to normal levels. Alka Seltzer acts as a buffer because the citrate ions in solution (C6H5O73-) are able to react with H+ when acid is added, to form citric acid, C6H8O7. This neutralises the acid, increasing the pH. The excess HCO3- ions also react with H+ to form CO2 and water, hence lowering the pH and reducing