Cytoskeleton Essays

1.1 The Cytoskeleton The concept and the term ‘cytosquelette’, (in French) were first introduced by a French embryologist Paul Wintrebert in 1931 (Frixione 2000). Cytoskeleton is a complex network array of cytoplasmic fibers that determine and control visco-elastic properties and mechanical strength of cells. It also organizes and gives structure to the cell interior, controls many dynamic processes, such as intracellular trafficking, cell division, adhesion, and locomotion. It is ubiquitously present

Microtubules Microtubules perform highly critical roles in the cell. If some perturbation happens, microtubules cannot function properly thus leads to diverse diseases in some tissue. In human body, the dysfunction of microtubules can cause many devastating diseases, for instance, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Parkinson Disease, and Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia. Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is a degenerative muscle disease, which caused by the increased production of oxidase dependent reactive

Cytoskeletons are common for every living organisms present, be it bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes or prokaryotes. It is present in the cytoplasm of a cell and has a very complex network that consists of tubules and filaments that interlink each other1. Cytoskeletons are comprised of three main proteins in eukaryotes and they are usually able to multiply very fast or even disassemble depending on what the cell needs at any given moment.2 The structures of cytoskeletons can differ from one another and

can be found in the lipid bilayer and each has its own specific biological function. Integrins are transmembrane proteins which act as receptors for cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix (ECM) interactions. Integrins attach the ECM to the cytoskeleton. It is this attachment which sends the cell messages and information about the environment surrounding it. There are 3 different junctions which join cells together and allow them to interact with each other. Tight junctions, desmosomes and gap

also contribute many differences due to the size difference between the two different cells. Due to the size difference between eukaryotic and bacterial cells, structural characteristics such as the presence of a nucleus, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, membrane-bounded organelles, number of chromosomes, and differences in cell walls occur. All bacteria are one-celled organisms. There is no form of bacteria that contains a nucleus. However, this is not the case in eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic

Six functions of membrane proteins are transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell-cell recognition, intercellular joining and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM). Some membrane proteins span the membrane to provide a hydrophilic channel for hydrophilic substances to be able to pass through the lipid bilayer while other transport proteins are able to change their shapes to help move specific substances from one side to the other; some proteins use ATP as an

Ribosomes The ribosome is like SpongeBob because he makes krabby patties for the Krusty Crab, just like the ribosomes makes proteins for the cell. Chromatin Chromatin is like Google because Google has information we need to look stuff up. While the chromatin stores information about DNA and holds the information the nucleus needs. Lysosome The lysosome is like a mushroom, the mushroom breaks down dead plants, animals, and waste. While lysosomes digest dead organelles and

contains DNA. Living things grow and develop The nucleus (chromosomes), cytoplasm and cytoskeleton (microtubules and centrioles) allow cell division. Living things respond to their environment The nucleus (DNA & RNA) as well as ribosomes make production of proteins possible. Proteins control everything that happens inside the cell and help it adapt to changes in environment. Some proteins attach directly to the cytoskeleton, enabling cells to respond to their environment by using their membranes to help

prokaryotic cells have none. The mitochondria in a eukaryotic cell is the site of cellular respiration where glucose is converted into ATP to produce the energy for everywhere in the cell. Eukaryotic cell organism always has a cytoskeleton whiles prokaryotic cells do not. The cytoskeleton function in a eukaryote is to provide support so the cell can keep its shape and hold all the organelles in

contribute many differences due to the size difference between the two different cells. Due to the size difference between eukaryotic and bacterial cells, structural characteristics such as the presence of a nucleus, mitochondria, endomembrane system, cytoskeleton, membrane-bounded organelles, and number of chromosomes occur. All bacteria are one-celled organisms. There is no form of bacteria that contains a nucleus. However, this is not the case in eukaryotic cells. The eukaryotic cell’s most important

placed to help me live. Since I am a human cell, I am made up of eukaryotic cells, which means I need other cells to help me function properly. I have may organelles that help me do my task. These organelles include the cell membrane, cytoplasm, cytoskeleton, nucleus, and lysosomes. Also, I share a mitochondria, ribosome, endoplasmic reticulum, and a Golgi complex with plants. First, cell membranes help me separate from my surrounding environment. Without them, I couldn't get certain nutrients and

With larger diameters than microfilaments, microtubules are stiff organelles that help maintain the cell 's shape as part of the cytoskeleton. The cytoskeleton is the structure within the cytoplasm of the cell that helps move organelles inside the cell, therefore microtubules are attributed with the function of intracellular movement [35]. In addition to the cytoskeleton, microtubules also make up the cilia and flagella of the cell. Cilia are small hair-like structures that are found on the free surfaces

help the digestive process. They contain enzymes that speed up the process and help digestion of food and other materials. Lysosomes are like mitts in baseball. Mitts allow the player to engulf or take in the ball faster and easier. 9. Cytoskeleton - The cytoskeleton gives the cell its shape. The cinder blocks and other building materials in the stadium give the stadium its shape and

that both are very similar, however, Plant cells do have an extra structure that makes them to be different than Animal Cells. An Animal cell is divided by a Mitochondria, Ribosomes, Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum, Cell Mebrane, Golgi Apparatus, Cytoskeleton, Lysosome and Cortisol. Their functions are as follows:

from cellulose and other cell walls are made from molecules. The cell walls function is to protect and maintain the shape of the cell. • The cytoskeleton provides support and assist with movement in eukaryotic cells. It is a network of protein fibers that assist with support, anchorage and reinforcements. Vesicles move along the tracks that the cytoskeleton provide. Due its ability to dismantle and reassemble, it provides flexibility to the cells

In every cell there are three main parts: the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the cell membrane. The nucleus is a spherical body usually located near the center of the cell that contains the genetic code of the cell and its purpose is to serve as the control center. Cytoplasm is the fluid medium for the many molecules and organelles the cell has. The cell membrane is the outer layer that separates the cell from its environment and controls what enters and leaves the cell. The nucleus is the control center

Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells Life began on Earth around 3.5 billion years ago as the earliest living organisms to exist were the prokaryotes, which thrived in anaerobic environments and survived where there were high levels of radiation, very low pH levels, and extreme temperatures (1). Bacteria and archaea are the groups of organisms which make up the prokaryotes, which is the largest group of living organisms inhabiting the biosphere today (1). Approximately 1 billion years

structure and for only just movement like in eukaryotes. These eukaryotic flagella also have microtubules in them which stretch far longer than their own length. The cytoskeleton of eukaryotes has many functions. One of them is served in prokaryotes by the cell wall. These very different structures have the same function. The cytoskeleton of the eukaryote holds the cell together, and keeps the membrane from disintegrating. The cell wall in the prokaryote gives structure and support. Prokaryotes need

cells are larger in diameter than prokaryote cells. Eukaryotes have a true nucleus and membrane enclosed organelles. The cell walls of prokaryotes are thick as compared to that of a eukaryote, which may or may not be present. Eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton. Prokaryotes do not. Cell division in eukaryotes

A) Explain in detail the subcellular organelles are functioning effectively? Cells are basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. They are either multicellular or unicellular. Arise from pre-existing cells. Cell function as tiny specific factor with individual part that work together. Then what makes is present inside the cell that makes the cell alive and in turn, keeping the organism going? It is definitely the organelles! What are organelles? Organelles are membrane-bound, specialized