Nucleoside Essays

1a) There are five nucleotide bases which are Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine and Uracil. 1b) There are three main components of a nucleotide which are a pentose sugar which can be either deoxyribose or ribose, a phosphate molecule and one of the 4 nitrogenous bases e.g. Adenine, Cytosine etc. 1c) There are 2 bases which make two different bases in the RNA and DNA, which are Pyrimidines and Purines. Adenine and Guanine are purine bases because they are large bases and they each also have 2 rings

Structure of Emtricitabine b) Chemical Name / IUPAC Name: 4-amino-5-fluoro-1-[(2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]-1,2-dihydropyrimidin-2-one c) Molecular Formula: C8H10FN3O3S d) Molecular Weight: 247.248 g/mol e) Description: white to off-white crystalline solid f) Melting point: 136 °C to140 °C g) Solubility: Freely soluble in methanol and in water; practically insoluble in methylene chloride. h) pKa value: 2.65 i) Route of administration: Oral j) Excretion: Renal (86%) and

protein. The experiment uses two sets of T2 bacteriophages. DNA has P but no S and Protein has S but not P. They also knew that something from T2 phage entered E. coli cells and directed the bacteria to produce more phage. They assumed that the genetic material was the material that entered the cell. So they set out to determine the chemical nature of the material. In separate experiments they infected E. coli cells with 35S or 32P labeled phage. By analyzing the products they determined that 32P

from guano, some seabird feces that usually form huge deposits on some islands and often used in fertilizer. Cytosine came from cells and the prefix cyto- but it also includes “ose” which often refers to nucleosides. But this is different from guanosine and adenosine, which are actual nucleosides. Last but not least, the name Thymine comes from thymic acid, which is extracted from the thymus gland. Who would’ve thought that Adenine came from a Greek prefix and the pancreas of an

There are five origin theories of the human immunodeficiency virus, each of these origins has a relation to do with the first state of HIV known as simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). The most commonly accepted theory is the ‘Hunters’ Theory where the SIV was transferred to the human hunters when they hunted chimpanzees for their flesh as food and consumed the virus, also when the chimpanzee’s diseased blood came in contact with the hunters opened wounds it adapted by becoming HIV in the human’s

INTRODUCTION: Efavirenz5 (S)-6chloro(cyclopropylethylethynyl-1,4-(trifluoromethyl)-2H-1-benzoxazin-2-one) non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) and is used as part of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Emtricitabine5 is chemically 4-amino-5-fluoro-1-[(2R,5S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl]-2-(1H)-pyrimidon a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI). The drug works by inhibiting reverse transcriptase, the enzyme

“I am going to beat it... Life is going to go on for me and I’m going to be a happy man” (Gutman 42). On November 7, 1991 Magic Johnson announced he had human immunodeficiency virus or HIV (Healthline). This disease has cost people their lives and people's lives are changed from it. The disability of HIV or acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have mental and body symptoms (“U.S. Statistics”). The body symptoms include skin flaking off, being dry, peeling off (Saliba 23) , Fingernails falling

information. The monomers of nucleic acids(polymers) are made up of nucleotides. Nucleotides are made up of three parts:nitrogen containing base, a pentose sugar and anywhere from 1 to 3 phosphate groups. Nucleosides are molecules that have a pentose and a nitrogen as a base but not phosphate. Nucleoside monophosphates are nucleotides that only have one phosphate group. They are found in Dna or Rna. The bases of that make of Dna or Rna can be one of two chemical forms, a pyrimidine or a purine. Dna

“The process is the making of a recyclable, workable copy of DNA, but in the form of RNA.” DNA has 4 nucleotides. (Nucleotide is linked to a phosphate group) Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine. Adenine goes with thymine (A=T) and Cytosine goes with Guanine (C=G). The nucleotide bases are the genetic code (DNA and RNA molecules that carry information in the cells.) mRNA is made by an enzyme called RNA polymerase. It message will go down to the ribosomes for the making of proteins. The RNA nucleotides

1. Background information on transcription in bacteria: Transcription is the process of copying information from the DNA sequence to the RNA sequence. As RNA production is the final outcome, it is also called DNA-dependant RNA synthesis. All types of RNA are transcribed from DNA, including: mRNA that codes for protein tRNA which is involved in translation rRNA which composes part of ribosomes snRNA which is involved in splicing and more less common ones Unlike DNA replication where the entire DNA

deoxyribose to form deoxycytidine (a DNA component). Cytarabine is an analogue of deoxcytidine and gets incorporated into DNA. By this mechanism, it kills cancer cells. MECHANISM OF ACTION Cells have an uptake transporter called human equilibrative nucleoside transporter (hENT1), which is important for uptake of ara-C into the cell. Inside the cell, ara-C rapidly gets activated by many phosphorylation steps to form ara-CTP (cytosine arabinoside triphosphate). When this ara-CTP is incorporated into DNA/RNA

All organisms are continuously exposed to potentially toxic or adverse chemicals from the environment. Whenever such substances are not naturally produced by the organism itself, or are not expected to be within the organism, they are called xenobiotics. Xenobiotics are mostly of no nutritional value and have no metabolic function. Before they may effectively be excreted, most xenobiotics undergo biotransformation. Generally, there are two types of biochemical biotransformation reactions known as

Does HIV discriminate? With HIV being on the rise in so many young people, one has to ask themselves why? Are people being educated on the spread of HIV and how the disease affects them? In the writing I will discuss what HIV is, how it is transmitted, how it attaches to a host, diagnostic testing, and the stages of HIV. I will also discuss varies treatment for HIV, as well as explain the epidemic of HIV in the USA and prevention of the spread of HIV. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a virus

The problem with these MOFs was they were made of chromium, which was considered to be toxic to be used as a drug delivery vehicle. So another alternative was suggested, Fe-MIL-100 has been developed as a biocompatible drug carrier104.Trimesic acid (BTC or 1,3,5 benzene-tricarboxylic acid) is the organic linker. This cubic mesoporous iron(III)trimesate MIL-100(Fe)105 exhibit a low toxicity character106 raise exceptional interest as drug delivery and bio imaging systems 107. Apart from Cr and Fe,

YEAST Yeasts are eukaryotic unicellular fungi which reproduce by budding or fission. Yeasts are very small, typically 5 to 10 microns (1 micron = 10-4 centimeters) which is around 5 times the size of most bacteria. Yeast cell membranes acts as impermeable barriers against hydrophilic molecules to prevent the mixing of the cytoplasm and external environment. Around 7.5 n thick, the cell membrane is composed of a lipid bilayer (Walker, 1998). As with all eukaryotic membranes, the lipid bilayer

Question 8 As a health professional, in all circumstances, places and time periods, the first priority should be to protect and conserve the well-being of the patient, seek adequate and successful treatment methods, and above all, be a knowledgeable and friendly face to provide advice and care for all types of injuries and disease. With difficult diagnoses, this process and responsibility becomes even more difficult, yet of even greater significance and importance. Furthermore, to ensure quality

Purpose: There are many types of PCR. In this lab, we are using normal PCR. This method is different form the Sanger PCR because normal PCR is a procedure that involves DNA template to be amplified by PCR. The difference is the amplification in sequencing. Normal PCR is making copies in a specific region of DNA. The copies is exponential. It copies the template DNA by each cycle. Thus, it is a new strand DNA copied per cycle. Also, it uses reverse and forward primers to copy the template DNA. As

The Nervous System: AIDS Dementia Complex and Guillain Barre Syndrome Sarah Page Sullivan University Human Anatomy and Physiology Dr. Rita Daniel March 10, 2018 The Nervous System: AIDS Dementia Complex and Guillain Barre Syndrome The neurological or nervous system coordinates all the activities of the body. This system receives information from inside the body and from the environment through different sensory organs and receptors, processes and interprets this information, and sends

ASSIGNMENT 02 DUE DATE: 15 SEPTEMBER 2017 UNIQUE NUMBER: 76029608 STUDENT NUMBER: 62449842 Question 1 The general pathways for ATP generation include aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation. Aerobic respiration can be referred to as the breakdown of glucose molecules in the presence of oxygen and water to release energy in the form of ATP. The other products of this reaction include carbon dioxide and water. The overall equation for aerobic respiration is C6H12O6+6O2+ H2O→ 6CO2

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Cancer or cancer chemotherapy Cancer is abnormal growth of cell division that has potential to spread to other body cells. There are two types of cancers. One is the benign cancer don’t spread to other body cells and malignant cancer can spread to other body cells. Cancer chemotherapy is the branch of medical oncology and used for the treatment of cancer. The principle of chemotherapy is that by using of chemotherapeutic agents or drugs, cancer cells can be removed. These