Subclavian artery Essays

Aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) is the most common aortic arch anomaly. The estimated incidence is 0.5-2%. They are often asymptomatic, but approximately 10% of people may complain of dysphagia lusoria4 or other compressive symptoms. In ARSA of the Innominate artery, the right subclavian artery arises as its own branch from the aortic arch distal to the origin of the left subclavian artery. Its relationship to the esophagus is variable with 80% posterior to esophagus, 15% between the esophagus

1. What is the mechanism of injury for a sternoclavicular sprain? In the majority of sternoclavicular sprains, what is the direction of clavicle displacement? The majority of injuries result from compression related to a direct blow, as when a supine individual is landed on by another participant, or more commonly, by indirect forces transmitted from a blow to the shoulder or a fall on an outstretched arm. The disruption typically drives the proximal clavicle superior, medial, and anterior.

allow for a litter of 8 to 10 pigs. In fetal pigs, “the brachiocephalic artery splits into the right subclavian artery and the bicarotid trunk which then splits into the right and left common carotid arteries” (“Human/ Pig Comparisons”). Nonetheless, humans do not have a “bicarotid trunk and instead the left common carotid artery branches directly from the aorta” (“Human/ Pig Comparisons”). Fetal pigs also do not have iliac arteries that humans have. Additionally, because of the fact that pigs are quadrupedal

having thrombosis [2]. On the other hand, internal thoracic artery (ITA) arises as a major branch of the subclavian artery in the neck, it passes posterior to the clavicle and the large veins in the region and anterior to the pleural cavity.

Aortic arches are also called as pharyngeal arteries. They are vascular structures that emerge from the ventricle of the heart. There are 6 pairs of these arches in embryonic stages which give rise to several major arteries later. They arise from the aortic sac and are present on the ventral and dorsal aorta. As discussed earlier that there are 6 pairs of aortic arches present in embryonic stages giving rise to several arteries are as follows: Arch 1st and 2nd: The first and second arches

cardiovascular pathology is an extremely rare entity, better known as cardiovocal syndrome or Ortner's syndrome. The common underlying pathology was described as an enlargement of the left atrium or recurrent laryngeal nerve compression by the pulmonary artery. We report a case of undiagnosed congenital heart disease in a young lady presented to the ear, nose and throat(ENT) clinic for hoarseness and the management of the patient. Even though hoarseness frequently encountered in the ear, nose and throat

anterior to the aorta and enters the abdomen through the diaphragm at the level of the tenth thoracic vertebra. From above downwards, the trachea, right pulmonary artery, left main bronchus, pericardium (separating it from the left atrium) and the diaphragm are anterior. The vertebral column, longus colli, right posterior intercostal arteries, thoracic duct, azygos vein and the terminal parts of the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos

the heart is artery; vein is towards the heart). If they connect arteries and veins then they are called capillaries and if an organ is receiving or returning the blood then the organ’s name is a part of the blood vessel’s name. Circle of Willis is a looped network (anastomosis) of arteries at the base of the brain. Branches of the internal carotid arteries form the front of the circle and branches of the posterior cerebral arteries form the back of the circle, with smaller arteries, collectively

Question: What are the effects of temperature on heart rate and strength of contraction? The effects of temperature can either increase the heart rate or decrease the heart rate. The temperature can also effect the strength of contraction either by making the contraction stronger or weaker. Background: Explain on the cellular level how dropping warm Ringers solution on the frog’s heart would affect the cells of the SA node. Dropping warm Ringers solution on the frog’s heart would increase the heart

Pulmonary artery- transports deoxygenated blood away from the right side of the heart to the lungs (viii) Pulmonary vein- this is where oxygenated blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart (ix) Aorta- passes blood from the left ventricle to the whole body The blood

Introduction Syringe Pump is another type of infusion pump which is small used to deliver small quantities of intravenous medications and fluids. It is also called as syringe driver. Most of the times this is used to infuse things and sometimes use to withdraw things.Actually we use syringe pumps applications where we need to deliver specific volume of fluid. We can use constant delivering rate or programmed flow rate. Most important part is exact deliver finite amount precisely because here we

A STUDY OF THE BIFURCATION OF SCIATIC NERVE AND ITS CLINICAL IMPORTANCE ABSTRACT Background:The sciatic nerve ,the principal nerve of the posterior compartment of the lower limb normally divides at the superior angle of popliteal fossa.Sometimes there could be higher division.,the knowledge of which is important in avoiding inadvertent injury during surgeries in the gluteal region . Materials and Method: The study was conducted in 64 lower limbs at Government Stanley Medical College,Chennai and

Introduction: BLOOD PRESSURE (BP) is defined as the "pushing force exerted by the blood against the vessel walls". This pressure is highest in the arteries and lowest in the veins. As a result, the blood moves from the arteries through the organs into the veins and back into the heart to begin the cycle over again. The heart acts as a pump to create the high arterial pressures that keep the blood flowing. Because it is the "driving pressure" that pushes the blood through the organs, the ARTERIAL

The Human Body System AC 2.1. Explain the structure and function of at least 3 to 4 systems 1) The Circulatory System; This system transports blood, full of oxygen and nutrients to and from the heart, and all around the rest of the human body. At the same time it transports out carbon dioxide and other unwanted material such as harmful minerals, waste material resulting from cellular breakdown, nitrogenous waste in liquid form, and food additives.These are then taken to the liver where they get

' hernia abdominal is the leakage of a viscus - or a part of it - from the abdominal cavity where it is normally contained. The herniation makes its way through a preformed orifice or an area of weakness in the cladding wall. Abdominal herniaAbdominal hernia is therefore the expression of a progressive weakening of the muscular and fascial walls, which under physiological conditions should keep the bowels in its proper place . abdominal hernias are called external because the viscera, slipping between

containing cholesterol and lipids on the inner most layer of the walls of large and medium –sized arteries. (Herbert, 2014) Atherosclerosis is the buildup of a waxy plaque on the inside of artery, the arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from the heart through the body, and they are lined by a thin layer of cells called the endothelium. The endothelium works to keep the inside of arteries toned and smooth, which blood keeps flowing. (Zarbock, et al, 2008) There are two major types

Beta Blockers That are Used in Managing Heart Failure Heart failure occurs when the heart is not able to pump or fill with blood to reach the body needs, leading to decrease in pumping action and cardiac output. The body will sense the hypo-perfusion of vital organs then activate the compensatory mechanisms. First compensatory mechanism is cardiac compensation by increasing the heart rate, contractility, or myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling. Additionally, systemic compensation by increasing

INTRODUCTION Chest pain is the most usual symptom at presentation in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI), even if it ishighly subjective, and the pain characteristics, severity and emotional consequences may vary widely.1, 2 An asymptomatic AMI is not necessarily less severe than a symptomatic event. Diabetic and elderly subjects are those who generally present with a lower severity of chest pain and at the same time represent the subgroups of AMI patients withworse outcome.3 Chest pain

substances (carbon dioxide and urea); this system is also responsible for circulating lymph (colourless fluid that contains white blood cells protecting organisms against disease). The cardiovascular system itself consists of the heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins), which pumps blood throughout the body. The heart itself is the variable pump consisting of striated cardiac tissue (dense arrangement of myosin and acting overlapping). Composed of 4 different compartments called the atria (right and

Gout is the most common inflammatory type of arthritis affecting adults. The clinical syndrome of gout arises from deposition of urate crystals in joints,where they cause an inflammatory response, and in soft tissues where they do not. Crystal deposition occurs when serum becomes saturated with urate,the final breakdown product of purine metabolism.It is characterized by chronic hyperuricemia which is defined as serum urate levels above 6.8mg/dl,the level above which the physiological saturation