Analysis
“Citizen Kane”, released in 1941 by the then-25-year-old Orson Welles, continues to hold a significant position in film history and remains a strong contender for the title of "greatest film of all time."
The film unfolds through a fragmented and non-linear narrative, utilizing flashbacks and multiple perspectives to piece together the life of Charles Foster Kane, a controversial media mogul. Each individual who knew Kane — his friend, his first wife, his mistress, his business partner — offers their perspective, creating a complex and often contradictory portrait of the protagonist. This fragmented approach challenges the audience to actively engage, becoming detectives themselves as they piece together the puzzle of Kane's life, motivations, character, and the meaning of his final utterance, "Rosebud."
Unlike traditional narratives with a clear chronological order, Citizen Kane begins with Kane's death and his final word. The narrative then unravels through reporter Jerry Thompson's investigation, who attempts to decipher the meaning of "Rosebud" by interviewing those who knew the enigmatic Kane. This approach allows the film to explore the complexities of human memory and the difficulty of capturing a person's life through a single, definitive story. The film also subtly raises questions about the nature of truth, as each interviewee's perspective is subjective and shaped by their own biases and experiences with Kane. Additionally, this fragmented structure forces the audience to confront their own biases and assumptions as they attempt to understand Kane and the meaning of his final word.
Beyond its innovative narrative, Citizen Kane revolutionized film language with Gregg Toland’s groundbreaking cinematography. The film employed deep focus shots, offering a sense of depth and realism never seen before. This technique allowed for greater complexity within a single frame, forcing the audience to actively engage with the entire composition. For example, a deep focus shot in the opening sequence showcases not only Kane's palatial estate, Xanadu, but also the distant figure of a reporter outside the gates, foreshadowing the film's exploration of power, isolation, and truth.
Another innovative technique used in the film was the Dutch angle, where the camera is tilted on its axis. This technique, used sparingly but effectively, created a sense of unease and instability, reflecting the complexities and contradictions within Kane's life and psyche. The film also experimented with innovative camera movements, including the iconic "tracking shot" that opens the film. This lengthy shot, following Kane through the expansive rooms of Xanadu, establishes the imposing presence of the mansion and foreshadows the loneliness and isolation that lie beneath its grandeur.
Welles' innovative direction brought together a dedicated cast and crew, crafting a film with exceptional performances and fine details. Welles’ portrayal of Kane, from a young and idealistic newspaper owner to a disillusioned and powerful media tycoon, is nuanced and captivating. Other notable performances include Joseph Cotten as Jedediah Leland, Kane's conflicted confidante, Dorothy Comingore as Susan Alexander Kane, a young singer and his second wife, whose life is manipulated by Kane, and Agnes Moorehead as Kane's possessive and manipulative mother. Welles' direction ensured a seamless blend of these individual performances, weaving them into a tapestry that reflects the complexities of human relationships and the elusiveness of truth. The film's meticulous attention to detail is also remarkable, evident in the carefully crafted sets, costumes, and props that contribute to the film's overall atmosphere and thematic richness.
Citizen Kane's impact on cinema is undeniable. Its innovative narrative structure, groundbreaking cinematography, and masterful direction continue to inspire filmmakers and film students alike. The film's complex themes, such as the nature of power, memory, truth, and the American Dream, continue to spark discussions and interpretations, ensuring its continued relevance and engagement with audiences. However, the claim of "greatest film of all time" is subjective and often debated. While Citizen Kane undoubtedly holds a significant position in film history and has influenced countless filmmakers, its ranking ultimately depends on individual preferences and cinematic values. Some might find its experimental nature and fragmented narrative alienating, while others might find its social commentary less relevant in a contemporary context. Additionally, the film's historical background and certain references might not resonate as strongly with contemporary audiences as it did with its original viewers.
Ultimately, Citizen Kane's legacy lies in its groundbreaking artistry, its enduring influence on cinematic storytelling, and its ability to spark discussion and inspire creativity. Whether or not it holds the title of "greatest" remains a subjective matter, but its place as a landmark achievement in film history is undeniable.
