ipl-logo

Annotated Bibliography On Sexual Harassment

859 Words4 Pages

Theoretical Framework
The last few years have seen an increasing awareness of sexual harassment as an important social problem with serious implications for individuals and organizations alike, leading to increased attempts to understand how victims respond to this stressful and sometimes traumatic experience. The present article reviews the behavioral science research on responses to sexual harassment, including their links to outcomes and consequences. We then present an alternative to the frequently invoked assertiveness paradigm, derived from the cognitive-behavioral stress and coping framework. We examine our paradigm in the context of legal proceedings that, in effect, hold the victim responsible for responding appropriately; explore …show more content…

& Sequeira, J.M. Journal of Business Ethics 2002) they discuss the relationships between discrimination, harassment, and the glass ceiling, arguing that many of the factors that preclude women from occupying executive and managerial positions also foster sexual harassment. We suggest that measures designed to increase numbers of women in higher level positions will reduce sexual harassment. We first define and discuss discrimination, harassment, and the glass ceiling, relationships between each, and relevant legislation. We next discuss the relationships between gender and sexual harassment, emphasizing the influence of gender inequality on sexual harassment. We then present recommendations for organizations seeking to reduce sexual harassment, emphasizing the role that women executives may play in such efforts and, importantly, the recursive effects of such efforts on increasing the numbers of women in higher level positions in …show more content…

Determination of the incidence of harassment and its major sub-types is difficult because of problems with sampling (e.g., response rate, sample size) and instrument construction (e.g., number or variety of harassment categories). Additionally, severity of harassment is rarely treated as a variable. Several resolutions to these problems are presented. First, estimates of the proportion of women who have experienced harassment, as well as the proportion having experienced the major sub-types of harassment, are derived. Second, a mutually exclusive and exhaustive set of sexual harassment categories, which includes harassment types that have evolved recently from legal decisions and policy developments, is discussed. Finally, an outline of factors which might be used to assess harassment severity is presented. Resolving these will provide social scientists and non-scientists alike with clearer answers to the ‘How much?’, ‘Which types?’ and ‘How serious?’ questions about harassment. The purpose of this paper is to critically assess the research literature on sexual harassment, identify methodological problems, and propose recommendations for advancing our knowledge of this important construct. Seven major methodological problems were

Show More
Related
1030 Words | 5 Pages

These constant messages may lead to a false belief that women do not belong in the high-powered corporate world. This gender discrimination is something that no one can escape. We are born into this imprudent, improper, and immoral society, that has not, will not, and chooses not to change for the better for women and children

Read More
855 Words | 4 Pages

Including mental and physical consequences, this form of violence discriminates the rights of a person. A report from UNIFEM proves that only 14, including Canada, out of 186 countries placed legislation regarding sexual harassment. More than 90% of Canadian women confessed they have been sexually harassed, some time in their life. A similar amount of

Read More
646 Words | 3 Pages

Corporations have had many cases of women suffering from sexual harassment, but have failed to see any progress in dealing with the situation due to a lack of concern for women’s work rights and equality. Women's inequality is an issue that Hillary Clinton is fighting for a multitude of reasons, not only do women experience high levels of sexual harassment in the

Read More
2292 Words | 10 Pages

The United States Equal Employment Opportunity Commission defines Sexual Harassment as the, “unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical harassment of a sexual nature” (EEOC, n.d.). Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 explains that this type of workplace harassment is a violation when the unwelcomed sexual advances or requests are an implicit or explicit, “term or condition of employment” (EOCC, n.d.). In the years following World War II, the United States workforce has become increasingly diverse. A shift in society and world economics have increased the number of women, minorities, and international talent competing for positions. With this growing diversity, a change in the workplace environment occurred.

Read More
294 Words | 2 Pages

Sexual harassment of women in the military has increasingly become an issue acknowledged by officers and civilians. Sexual harassment of women in the military can have profound effects on a woman 's psychological and physical well being. Sex harassment also may impact women 's ability to succeed among the ranks of the military. Recent headlines in the news suggest that sexual harassment is still a prevalent problem in the military. A survey conducted by the US Department of Defense between 1988 and 1995 revealed that sexual harassment is in fact however, declining.

Read More
601 Words | 3 Pages

When sexual harassment happens in an educational setting it is filed under the law Title IX. In the article “10 Key Areas of Title IX”, it explains that sexual harassment in educational setting includes any unwanted and unwelcome sexual behavior that significantly interferes with a student's access to educational opportunities. It’s something that college students never thought of because sexual harassment or assault isn’t the first topic that comes to mind when they think of their transition into their first year of college. Sexual harassment among college students has a

Read More
634 Words | 3 Pages

Prior to legislations that addressed sexual harassment women were subjected to all sorts of treatment and endured it to provide for their family. Sexual harassment dates to slavery during the 18th and 19th century. In the 20th century, many women began working outside the home as secretaries and working in manufacturing plants. Women were subjected to physical and verbal sexual assaults, unfortunately there were no laws in place to protect these women. Hence, The Civil Rights Act of 1964 becomes a law which makes it illegal to discriminate employees based on race, color, religion, national origin, or sex.

Read More
636 Words | 3 Pages

If the harassment can be proven, employers may be liable for compensating damages (Physical or Psychological). Unwelcomed sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature constitute hostile-environment sexual harassment when the conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an employee’s work performance or of creating an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment. Courts consider many factors to determine whether an environment is hostile. These include whether the conduct was verbal, physical, or both, how frequently it was repeated; whether the conduct was hostile, whether the alleged harasser was a co-worker or supervisor; whether others joined in perpetrating the harassment; and whether the harassment was directed at more than one individual. Sexual harassment is very widespread and affects women in every workplace setting and at every level of

Read More
1605 Words | 7 Pages

Notably statistical reporting data for sexual harassment is seemingly rising according to new data. The Army has policies and procedures in place for reporting sexual harassment. In addition,

Read More
575 Words | 3 Pages

Sexual Harassment Sexual Harassment has been less of an epidemic and more of a tragedy for years with in the work place and school system. Now that sexual harassment is defined clearer than ever after not having any sort of definition and the causes are known, there are effective ways of dealing with the harassment with in the law. There are many ways sexual harassment is defined; also it hasn’t always had a definition. In other words there was no such thing as sexual harassment yet it was occurring in the world. According to William Mankiller and others “Women were sexually harassed long before there was a word for it.

Read More
805 Words | 4 Pages

Researchers examine different approaches that organizations can take in order to insure their companies practice gender equality. Although we live in a world where discrimination is discouraged, it still occurs in many organizations. Lenka, D., & Sahoo, D.K. (2016). Breaking the glass ceiling: opportunity for the organization. Industrial and Commercial Training, 48(6), 311-319.

Read More
760 Words | 4 Pages

In the second decade of the 21st century, the few women that make it to the top as still seen as “the exception” and according to research this is a “pipeline problem”. Overall, women form a significant part of the labour force, but the pipeline breaks somewhere between middle management and the c-suite (the top executives). This break in the pipeline is caused by various issues including organizations failing to recognize and identify their own glass ceilings and developing appropriate solutions that not only destroy the glass ceiling but also rectify their leadership pipelines. Most importantly, the presence of high-status female managers has a huge impact on gender inequality in the workplace, women in positions of authority get to make decisions on issues including gender pay gap and diversified hiring practices. However, this break in the pipeline limits women’s access to leadership positions and “employees just don’t see enough women in leadership positions at their companies” (Coffman,

Read More
1015 Words | 5 Pages

According to Catherine Mackinnon a noted legal scholar and feminist, sexual harassment is "the unwanted imposition of sexual requirement in the context of a relationship of unequal power" (MacKinnon, 1979). Sexual harassment generally falls under two categories: quid pro quo harassment and hostile environment. In addition, the majority of victims reporting occurrences of case involving sexual harassment are women, and the lion 's share of reported aggressors are men. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission give legal response to casualties of such inappropriate behavior. A few sociologists relate the full coordination of women into the cutting edge workforce with an increment in cases of sexual harassment.

Read More
1289 Words | 6 Pages

Sexual harassment and sexual assault are very serious issues happening today in the workplace. Women or men have suffered from unsolicited sexual behaviors that are typically provoked by someone “higher” in position. “Sexual harassment especially has been a fixture in the workplace since women began to work outside their homes” (Fitzgerald, 1993). It is solely the responsibility of the employer to ensure that all employees within are aware and are very cautions of laws, misconduct, and liabilities. Employers must enforce the Policy Prohibiting Discrimination and further extend those laws and guidelines to their employees.

Read More
1400 Words | 6 Pages

Sexual harassment is identified as any unwelcome and unwanted sexual advances, verbal or physical behavior of sexual nature and requesting for sexual favours due to which a worker’s performance is affected, he/she suffers from psychological trauma or an offensive/hostile atmosphere is created at the workplace. The occurrence of workplace sexual harassment is linked with several risk factors. The nature of job and particularly the gender ratio at a workplace and traditionally male oriented jobs are among the significant ones. These pose an increased risk for women to face situations of getting sexually offended or harassed.

Read More

More about Annotated Bibliography On Sexual Harassment

Related Topics

Open Document