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Antioxidants And Free Radicals Lab Report

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Antioxidants and Free Radicals: The role of Oxidation is a chemical reaction that can produce free radicals, leading to chain reactions that may damage cells in the human body. An antioxidant is a molecule that inhibits the oxidation of other molecules. What is a free radical? A free radical is an atom or molecule with at least one unpaired electron, making it especially reactive to other atoms or groups of atoms. A : B A · + B · If free radicals react with certain chemicals in the body, they may interfere with the ability of cells to function normally. One of the most important radicals is molecular oxygen. Molecular oxygen in the ground state is a diradical with one unpaired electron on each oxygen. As a radical it can extract hydrogen atoms. In biological systems, oxygen is an electron acceptor. When molecular oxygen accepts one electron, it becomes a radical anion called superoxide. Superoxide is involved in positive and negative physiological roles: The immune system uses superoxide in its defense against pathogens agents; superoxide is also involved in degenerative disease processes associated with aging and oxidative damage to healthy cells. …show more content…

+ 2 H+ superoxide dismutase H2O2 + O2 2 H2O2 catalase 2 H2O + O2 (Superoxide dismutase y Catalase are enzymes). The human body is exposed to free

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In definition, an oxidation reaction is when any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a molecule, atom, or ion changes by gaining or losing an electron. A weathered layer of copper oxide covers Lady Liberty that weighs about eighty tons. The color from brown to green only took thirty-four years after the statues construction, according to the New York Historical

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2) Free Radicals: an injury by free radicals such as the reactive oxygen species, also known as oxidative stress (Huether & McCance, 2012, p. 66). This is an uncharged atom that makes the molecule unstable. In order to become stabilized, it needs to either get an electron or give up its electron. By doing this, it forms chemical bonds with protein,

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Answer # 1: Oxidizing Agent: An oxidizing agent is a substance that oxidizes some other substances and gains electrons. Oxidation is basically a gain of oxygen. Oxidizing agents give oxygen to other substances. Oxidation is also defined as loss of hydrogen.

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It is also a basic component of various enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and thioredoxin reductase (TR), which involve in the antioxidant protection of cells (Rotruck et al., 1973; Birringer et al., 2002). Deficiency

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Many different circumstances can cause cell injury such as being exposed to injurious stimuli, not getting the correct amount of nutrients, or being affected by an unknown outsider. There are three common forms of cell injury that occur; hypoxic injury, free radicals and reactive oxygen species injury, and chemical injury. Cells must maintain homeostasis in order to function as they are supposed to. It is important that we understand these various forms in order to understand why disease is caused. Hypoxic Injury Hypoxia is the state in which there is an insufficient amount of oxygen getting to the tissues which is the most common cause of injury to the cell.

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(1982). Serum alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT&AST) activities were estimated according to the method of (Reitman and Frankel, 1957). Blood superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were estimated according to the method of (Flohe and Gunzler., 1984). Lipid peroxides values were determined with spectrophotometric measurement of the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) equivalents with thiobarbituric acid and was expressed as

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Linoleic acid is one of the major components of membrane phospholipids of living cells that are damaged by reactive oxygen species, leading to pathological events and aging processes. In skin samples, inhibition of metabolites of linoleic acid was achieved using beta-carotene (Bar-Natan et al., 1996; Burton et al., 1984; Fuchs et al., 1994). Cumulative UV exposure results in photoaging and increased risk of epithelial skin cancer. Free radical oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including UV-induced skin cancer (Black et al., 1997; Black et al., 1987; Darr et al., 1994; Jung et al., 1991).

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All of these theories are biological theories that explains why we age. Free radical theory is defined that natural selection has eliminated harmful conditions such as damaging DNA and other cellular structures. For exampls, researchers found that older people having a diet on the number of calories can reduce the oxidative created by free radicals(Santrock,2014). Next is Cellular Clock theory is a theory that was made up Lenorad Hayflick. Hayflick states that cells can divide 75 to 80 as people age.

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In order to destroy a free radical, an antioxidant first becomes oxidative itself (Pham-Huy, He, Pham-Huy). By giving a radical one of their electrons, antioxidants can end chain reactions while still remaining stable ("Understanding Free Radicals And Antioxidants"). Antioxidants don't become free radicals even though they become oxidative because they give their unpaired electron away which leaves an even number. A chain-breaking antioxidant stabilizes newly formed free radicals, which are created when an existing radical emits or adds an electron. Preventative antioxidants function to decrease the rate of growth in the radical chains (Pham-Huy, He, Pham-Huy).

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These hard-working ingredients fight off the free radicals that threaten the cells and tissue of the body. Free radicals come from the environment, pollution and stress. They rid the brain of oxidized cells and help repair

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Also, vitamin E is a very important component in the lungs for oxidation prevention due to the organs’ high interaction with oxygen. Adequate intake of this antioxidant is also beneficial for the heart since it minimalizes the harmful effects of low-density lipoproteins by blocking the oxidation of the specific cholesterol. Lastly, other functions of vitamin E include the enhancement of the immune system as well as vitamin A absorption. Vitamin C is classified as an antioxidant which means it is capable of converting free radicals to less harmful substances through the process of reduction. Also, vitamin C is essential for collagen production which is a protein that is significant for the framework of the body especially for the skin, blood vessels, teeth, bones, tendons and ligaments.

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This means that the conditions in which these animals are being kept in are so horrible that they need antioxidants to stay alive. Not only that, but some

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In everyday metabolism, while our cells are producig the enrgy from basic sugar glucose, in the process called oxidative phosphorylation, it happens that a byproduct of it are free radicals. These are the molecules which contain unpaired electrons. Healthy body responds with it's imune system which eventually neutralizes these molecules, but if it's exposed to oxidative stress for a long period of time, the weakest link or better said the weakest organ will stop working normally. Fruits and vegetables are a rich source of antioxidants and because of that important characteristic, they defend us from free radicals.

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INTRODUCTION Free radicals are naturally produced in the body through normal metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids and fats. Other factors known to increase free radicals in our body include chronic diseases, smoking, environmental poisons, alcohol and ionizing radiation. Overproduction of free radicals can result in oxidative stress, a deleterious process that damages the cell structure. Antioxidants are chemical compounds that can bind to free oxygen radicals preventing these radicals from damaging healthy cells whereas pro-antioxidant act indirectly either by modulation of direct agents or by regulation of the biosynthesis of antioxidant proteins.

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There are concrete evidences of the effects of antioxidants for preventing cancer along with other tests conducted with the studies of animals and cell culturing. The molecules that are electrically charged, otherwise referred to as free radicals, tend to remove the electrons from the molecules that work to improve cell functioning. To ensure that the free radicals leave the molecules undisturbed, the antioxidants donate electrical charge to neutralize them, so that the free radicals are prevented from removing electrons, or damaging them. People, who ate sufficient quantities of vegetables and fruits, were able to stave the onset of cancer, thus proving that antioxidants worked effectively to prevent the risk of contracting

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