Chemiluminescence Lab Report

For this experiment, the preparation and chemiluminescence of luminol was observed. The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize luminol and observe its chemiluminescence. Luminol’s chemical structure is comprised of a cyclic diamide moiety. The synthesis of luminol began from 3-nitrophthalic acid which is a dicarboxylic acid. The first step of the synthesis was the double amination of the carboxylic acid functional groups with hydrazine to construct the cyclic diamide substructure which was 3-nitropthalhydrazide. This step required a lot of heating therefore a high boiling point solvent was used so the reagents remained in solution at the elevated temperatures of 230 degrees Celsius. The conversion of the carboxylic acid to an amide was

It determines if blood is present in the sample or not. The luminol produced in this experiment cannot be used to effectively detect blood because it is expensive and not practical to obtain blood to test. When dealing with biological fluids, blood, it requires proper certification and disposal. This requires a lot of paperwork, is expensive, and time consuming. Therefore, potassium ferricyanide was used instead of peroxide as the oxidizing agent. The iron in KFeCN6 replicates blood. Therefore, the potassium ferricyanide can be used to determine whether the reaction would work in the presence of

Electrons typically and most frequently exist in the ground singlet state. These electrons absorb energy and move to the excited single state either one or two. With this, there are various vibrational levels within the excited states. Electrons do not like being in the excited state, so the electrons remove its energy by going through quick vibrational energy. Another way it can get rid of its energy is by going through fluorescence. This can be done by the electron moving immediately from the excited singlet state to the ground singlet states which releases all of its energy at one time. The electrons can also perform an inner system crossing which this is where the electrons move from an excited singlet state to an excited triplet state. When these electrons are in the same orbital, they must have opposite spins which is known as spin-coupled. One electron is a +1/2 and the other electron is a -1/2. In a singlet state, the electrons are spin-paired. If the electrons go from the ground singlet state to the excited singlet state, it is spin-paired with other electrons as well. The highest occupied molecular orbital, HOMO, is the ground singlet state and the lowest occupied molecular orbital, LUMO, is the exited state. The electrons can move from the excited state to the triplet state, but it is not spin-paired. If this occurs, the energy must be spent which can be released as vibrational energy