In this essay, I am going to discuss the conceptualization of racialization and Islamophobia outlined by Junaid Raha and Edward Said, while focusing on their argument concerning immigration, transnationalism and its materialization of the conceptualizations.
According to Rana, Islamophobia is a gloss for the anti-Muslim racism that collapses numerous groups into the single category ''Muslim.'' The processes of queering and feminizing are simultaneous to the racializing of Islam and Muslims through a historical precedent that imagines religious groups as enemies. The Muslim is constructed as a threat to white Christian supremacy and in relation to anti-Jewish racism by employing a racial logic that crosses the cultural categories of nation, religion, ethnicity, and sexuality.
''Islamophobia,'' which emerged as a
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Islam and Muslims are a central part of the concepts of race and racism through histories that span European and American forms of Orientalism and the formation and maintenance of empire through war and conquest. The conceptual history of Islamophobia is based in a theory of racial ascription of bodily comportment, superimposition, and dissimulation-that is, the assorted ways to define ''race'' based on visual attributes such as skin color and phenotype, as well as customs and costumes. The process of racializing Muslims involves placing biological and cultural determinism in a contradictory logic purporting that race is immutable and essential but simultaneously mutable and fluid. The racialized Muslim developed as a geographically external other that was demonized not only through notions of the body, but also through the superimposition of cultural features onto Muslim and non-Muslim groups. According to Edward Said, the West's patronizing perceptions and fictional depictions of "The