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Cycle Of Abuse Model

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The cycle of abuse model describes sexually abusive behaviour as being part of a maladaptive response to stressors in a young person’s life (O’Reilly & Carr, 2004). It is worth noting that Lane’s ‘abuse cycle’ is a descriptive model (Level III), and not one which purports to define the various causal factors that lead to sexually abusive behaviour (Ward et al., 2006). It consists of three main stages or phases: the precipitating phase, the compensatory phase and finally the integration phase (Lane, 1997).

According to this model a stressful event can result in low self‐esteem and feelings of powerlessness (Lane, 1997). As with the Marshall and Barbaree (1990) model, this contributes to feelings of helplessness, thus causing the adolescent …show more content…

Although they may experience feelings of adequacy, these can quickly turn to more negative feelings as they become concerned with why the abuse was not as gratifying as they had imagined, or with fear of the negative consequences – such as people finding out. Cognitive distortions can, once again, serve as a coping mechanism for these fears. These can include justifications and rationalisations for abuse-related behaviours (‘I will never do that again’, ‘she will never tell’), which are made in order to suppress the negative affect experienced as a consequence of sexually abusing (Grant et al., 2009). Ultimately, despite the re-assuring nature of these distortions, the young person experiences self-doubt, and is susceptible to respond in an overly sensitive manner to events in which they feel slighted or inadequate – and thus the cycle can begin …show more content…

This theory suggested that sexual abuse occurs due to a variety of neurological, biological and ecological factors which interact and lead to clinical symptoms that contribute to the occurrence of abuse (Ward & Beech, 2006).
An individual’s genetic predisposition along with social learning have a significant impact on brain development and result in the establishment of three interlocking neuropsychological systems (Ward et al., 2006). According to the ITSO genetic predispositions and social learning interact to establish individuals’ psychological functioning. The level of functioning in turn may be compromised in some way by poor genetic inheritance, biological issues or developmental adversity (Ward et al., 2006). Such functioning problems can result in an individual struggling to cope adaptively, and resultant vulnerabilities may lead to sexually abusive behaviour under certain circumstances (Ward et al., 2006). These vulnerabilities can develop and emerge in different ways, and the ITSO suggests that those who sexually abuse could present with a variety of clinically significant issues. Ward and Beech (2006) put forward four symptoms that could arise from the interaction between an individual’s

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For majority of them, the first reaction is to deny that it was happened. And a significant number of victims may believe that the abuse was somehow their fault or that they caused it. The boy knows what he has done, what has happened, and yet, deep inside he believes it could not have been, and when the boy tries to remember the man’s voice, the sound frightens him as he recalls it in broad daylight (151). This shows that for the boy, remembering the assault brings all the trauma back to life. It seems to talk about it causes an immense feeling of embarrassment and shame.

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The power and control wheel, a tool used when trying to educate victims of IPV, is symbolically represented throughout the book by demonstrating how these abusers keep control of their partners. This wheel details eight forms of violence that abusers commonly use to keep control over their partner, that include, using male privilege and coercion and threats to maintain dominance (Burgess et al., 2012, p. 300). Victimology also studies, the effects such patterns of abuse have on an individual, such as learned helplessness and PTSD (Burgess et al., 2012, p. 300). Furthermore, it is grounded in the approaches and steps of action to take in order to help victims of trauma and

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The author also discussed some of the contributing factors that lead to domestic violence and sexual assault, some of which are drug abuse, alcohol abuse, and lack of respect for the opposite

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In the context of sexual assault, this theory suggests that individuals who have been exposed to violent or aggressive behavior may be more likely to engage in similar behaviors themselves. This theory also suggests that individuals who have been

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Cognitive studies have found that “Sexual, physical, and psychological abuse often led to distinct crime scene behaviors” (Marono). For example, a child who has experianced sexual trauma or abuse as a youth, will most likely be drawn to the idea of a power killer. Someone who takes pleasure and satisfaction in drawing the victim into submission, likes the feeling of complete control and power. While abuse as a child already leaves a mental scar, it can lead to overly aggressive behaviors and and in worse

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Majority of them also do not have the capacities to understand what is being done to them. It is estimated that about one third of females and one sixth of boys will experience sexual abuse before the age of 18 ((Kendall-Tackett, Williams, & Finkelhor, 1993).Most studies on CSA suggest that girls are greater

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Abuse is another thing that has been linked, to problems in a child 's development. The earlier abuse and neglect occur in a child 's life the more severe the impact. Furthermore, the stage of development, while the abuse occurs will influence the type and severity of the consequences. Additionally, the more chronic and long lasting the abuse and neglect, the more harmful it is. When the abuse and neglect are caused, by parents or another significant figure a child, becomes confused because their supposed source of safety is the source of their harm.(Frederico 343).

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The authors received, and analyzed data on 111 cases of female perpetrators, which was obtained from the women after they had been charged with sex offenses. Among the characteristics of the offenders under investigation, it appeared that offenders “emerged as intellectually low in the average functioning group, with a high prevalence of psychiatric or personality disorders, a high prevalence of neglect and (especially sexual) abuse” (Wijkman, Bijleveld, Hendriks, 2010). From the conducted study, it was also evident that the victims of the offenders were relatively young (median age 13) and mostly of the female sex. In 93% of the cases, the victim was either an own child, a relative’s child or an acquaintance. Often, the abuse was carried out with a male partner (Wijkman, Bijleveld, Hendriks,

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The impacts continue on until the child becomes an adult and it reappears in their relationship or work habits as an adult. The people who have experienced such child abuse create relationships in order for them to feel protected. They also seek relationships because they want to be cared for and are afraid of abandonment (Herman 111). Sadly, people who are survivors of Chronic Child abuse are more prone to be victimized as well as allow themselves to be hurt because they have a skewed belief that they deserve nothing better (Herman 111). A child who have experienced Chronic Child Abuse often times have more difficulty transitioning into adulthood because of their abnormal state of consciousness and disturbance in their normal bodily functions caused by their altered personality, emotion, and behavior (133).

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Thurston (2006) explains that there are several causes of child abuse, but according to all the theories, there are three main causes of child abuse (Thurston, 2006, para.2). The first main cause is psychological,” the psychological theories argue that an individual who abuses has an innate characteristic that places them at greater risk of abusing, their motivation being linked to biological or instinctive features of human behavior. Child abuse may also be seen to be the result of a career’s deprived learning experiences, which may lead to inadequate controlling techniques when trying to manage children’s behavior. ”(Thurston, 2006, psychological cause, para.3). The second cause is social psychological, and this theory is mainly based on

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