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Dna Sequencing Timeline

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DNA Sequencing: A historical timeline
DNA sequencing has greatly advanced over the last 60 years, proving to be one of the greatest scientific breakthroughs of the modern era. The process of DNA sequencing has provided us with the most vital but basic information of all, allowing the careful and thorough analysis of many organisms ranging from bacteria to human beings. The process of DNA sequencing allows scientists to map the order of nucleotides in DNA strands. With this knowledge, for example, we can locate regulatory and gene sequences, make comparisons between homologous genes across species and identify mutations.

-Early years
The journey begins in 1953, when the structure of DNA was determined to be a double helix structure. The team …show more content…

Planning began in 1984, and by 1990 a proposed 15 year project was launched to successfully map a target of at least 95% of the human genome. Beginning in the US, the $3-billion project was formally founded in by the Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health (NIH), led by James Watson and soon collaborated with scientists across the world, particularly in the UK. The project used an English based experiment led by John Sultson in the MRC’s laboratory of molecular biology in Cambridge that was at the time attempting to sequence the genome of the nematode (worm). Following this success, in 1992, Sulston submitted a grant application worth £40million to open the Sanger centre, which led the UK’s efforts in the human genome project. By the end of that year, work had begun with 87 scientists based in the labs …show more content…

The technique is based on the detection of pyrophosphate (PPi) that is released during synthesis of new DNA due to the incorporation of complimentary nucleotides. Sequencing by synthesis involves using a single stranded DNA template and using enzymes to make a new complimentary strand alongside it. DNA polymerase is incorporated with a chemiluminescent enzyme that emits light when an added nucleotide compliments the unpaired bases along the DNA strand. The addition/removal of one of Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) and Guanine (G), (deoxynucleoside triphosphates) results in the light production as the pyrophosphates are released when paired with a complimentary base pair. This process enables the individual sequencing of base pairs on a DNA strand. When PPi is released it is then converted into ATP (or energy) by the enzyme ATP sulfurylase causing light to become visible. The light produced during this reaction is recognised by a camera and then analysed in a pyrogram. The strength of the light emitted also refers to the number of complimentary bonds formed from the reaction in a

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What is the term for the random arrangement of homologous pairs of chromosomes during the first division of meiosis? Independent Assortment 5. What role does the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) play in producing a DNA Profile? PCR amplifies the regions of DNA with short tandem repeats and uses primers with fluorescent labels. This works by replicating the region of DNA several times.

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The Solid sequencing platform, produced by Technologies/Applied Biosystems (ABI), performs sequencing by ligation method. Similar like the Roche 454 library preparation, genomic double strand DNA were sheared into small pieces and ligated with two types of adatptors P1 and P2 on two ends. One end with P1 adaptor binds onto the surface of the magnetic bead and emulsion PCR takes place to amplify single nucleotide fragment. Then the oil was washed out and four fluorescent labeled di-bases probes were added into the beads mixture. By matching the 1st and 2nd position of the template by di-base probes, fluorescence was detected and the extra tail with fluorescent probe is cleaved out.

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ELSI program or Ethical, Legal, and Social Implication were the most important part of the human genome project which was started parallel with it. The objective of the ELSI program was to find solution for the problems arising in the genomic research that affects individuals, families, and society. The four main areas ELSI program focused on the possible consequences of genomic research were  Privacy and fairness in use of genetic information - the potential for genetic discrimination in employment and insurance.  Ethical issues in designing and conducting of genetic research with people  The integration of new genetic technologies - the practice of clinical medicine and genetic testing 

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Most individuals are familiar with the double helix structure of DNA and the scientists who supposedly discovered it, Watson and Crick. However, this is not the full story. Franklin had expertise that would prove instrumental in developing this model. She used a technique called X-ray diffraction to create an image of the molecule by “[producing] a pattern on a photographic plate. Dr. Franklin then performed mathematical computations to analyze the pattern in an attempt to reveal its structure.”

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THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT CONSORTIUM: In the United States, benefactors to the exertion incorporate the National Institutes of Health, which started investment in 1988 when it made the Office for Human Genome Research, later moved up to the National Center for Human Genome Research in 1990 and after that the National Human Genome Research Institute in 1997; and the U.S. Bureau of Energy, where HGP talks started as ahead of schedule as 1984. The International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium includes: 1. The Whitehead Institute/MIT Center for Genome Research, Cambridge, Mass., U.S. 2.

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Completed in April 2003.”(1) It has been around 10 years since the Human Genome Project (HGP) was completed and since then the cost and time of sequencing one human genome has gone from around $1 billion to $3-4 thousand and from 6-8 years to 1-2 days (3). This means that it is now more viable to use it to treat patients, diagnose patients and develop new drugs; it also means that more people will be able to afford to pay to have their genome sequenced. This will allow for there to be a change in the way that certain diseases are managed. Instead of trying to treat a disease once the syptoms appear and the disease is advanced, we now have the opportunity to

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Innovative technology has led to the creation of genetic screening, which can lead to both the prevention of possible diseases but also the spread of sensitive and volatile medical knowledge. Following the completion of the Human Genome Project, which mapped out the entire genome, predictive genetic screening exploded as a “rapidly emerging field” (Fulda) in the medical universe, according to a group dedicated to the education and debate of health choices called the Institute of Medical Ethics. With complete knowledge of each piece of DNA and its function, scientists could analyze genetic material to a greater extent and predict how the structure could affect the recipient of the test. These exams use samples from a person’s body and test

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The first area that seems to be discussed the most is the ability to create personalized medicine. Up until recently it has been hard to read every patient’s genome, and it took forever. Earlier this year, the FDA cleared the use of the Illumina MiSeqDx, which is a machine that allows hospitals to sequence a patient’s genome in only a few hours, and much more accurately. This is making the ability to use personalized medicine a reality in the near future. This will allow doctors to understand the risks of a patient based on their code.

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Once a dream is now a reality! WHERE DNA WAS SEQUENCED FOR THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT? International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC) The institution of publicly funded researchers that in the end assembled was called

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The Discovery of DNA Before the discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the causes of diseases were not fully know and people did not always get the degree of medical attention that they needed. The lack of knowledge in the medical field led to many deaths that today can be easily prevented. The discovery of deoxyribonucleic acid was cumulative effort through many scientists and a breakthrough in genetic research as this event was crucial to developing treatments and understanding diseases. Friedrich Miescher was the first to discover DNA in 1869, but was not sure what the substance actually was. Later, the substance was given the name deoxyribonucleic acid.

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Lastly begins the actual process of sequencing and analysing the DNA. The process itself is extremely complex and goes beyond the scope of what I am trying to tell, but the end result is that the process can tell us the order of the four molecules, or nucleobases, in a strand of DNA. As said before, this end result can tell us things such as migration. For an example, a study from two years ago showed that the North American Arctic had a migration wave separate from the one that linked to Native Americans roughly six thousand years ago. This group of people came to be known as the Paleo-Eskimos.

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The completion of this project has allowed for further advances in many different sciences fields. It is also greatly influencing the world of medical science and how the future is going to play out (Human Genome Project Completion). Even though the project has been completed sequencing. The work related to this project is not over it yet. There are still many advances to be made with the information we now have.

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We have long known though observation of expressed traits that there was an internal component within living creatures that must be responsible. The discovery of Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and its structure in the middle of the 20th century lead to the early sequencing of bacteria and later simple multi celled organisms. The human genome project was created in order to sequence the human genome and was completed 2000 (DNA, 2014). The project and its completed sequence of genes opened the possibility of identifying the causes of genetic disease and even

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As our world becomes increasingly technologically advanced, biotechnology plays an increasing important aspect of our lives. Many contemporary uses of biotechnology raise ethical considerations, regarding their safety, reliability and moral concerns. The Human Genome Project gave us the ability to identify and map the complete genetic blueprint of a human. It was the world’s largest collaborative biological project and determined the sequence of chemical base pairs, including multiple variations of each gene in the human body.

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This was a significant discovery since some parents will choose to get an abortion with this information. In 1995, the first bacteria Haemophilus influenza’s genome was sequenced. In the higher 1990’s several animal’s genomes are sequenced and Dolly the Sheep is the first cloned animal. In 2001, the first draft of the human genome sequence is released. In 2002, genomes of parasites begin being completed.

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