Introduction: This experiment was performed to identify the unknown Species given, using selective and differential media. Materials and Methods: To begin this experiment, The Gram stain procedure will help identify a Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. It begins with grabbing a clean glass slide and placing it on the glass staining rack. Flaming the inoculating loop sterile, use the DI water to create a bubble of DI water in the loop and placing it the center of the glass slide. Then flaming the unknown bacteria tube over the Bunsen burner as well as once again the inoculating loop, retrieve a good size amount of bacteria, making sure to close the tube after.
Before Gel Electrophoresis, separation of small molecules was impossible. Today Gel Electrophoresis is the primary method of separating molecules. The ability to separate has greatly improved forensics. paternity/maternity tests, and many other useful tests. Prosecutors being able to prove that a crime was committed because of DNA instead of testimony has improved the criminal justice system greatly.
Many errors occurred during the experiment. One error that occurred was, we let it dialysis over night at room temperature when it should have been at 4֯C. The second error that occurred was, the SDS Native gel page tore when cracked the page and attempted to transport it. The last error we made was after we ran the second SDS Native gel page, the bottom sticker was left on and caused us to get an incorrect run. The importance of the findings is that the next group that wants to follow our footsteps will have a better understanding and a protocol to form a hydrogel.
In experiment three, Gram staining was used to characterize bacteria, either gram positive or gram negative. The Bacillus slide was Gram positive for the results displaying that it had a strong affinity for crystal violet on applying the iodine. The Bacillus slide stained the color of violet because the thicker and richer the layer of the peptidoglycan walls, the more retention of the stain. While the Pseudomonas slide stained the color of red. The Pseudomonas slide was Gram negative due to the lack and thinness of peptidoglycan, and the second plasma membrane that covers the cell wall.
Christian Gram was a bacteriologist who wanted to find a procedure to make bacteria that previously difficult to see under microscope, appear with ease. Gram became a pioneer in the microbiology field, because of his staining technique that he used on bacteria to increase their visibility in 1884. This staining method is called Gram Staining. The Gram stain is a differential stain where a decolorization step occurs due to two different basic stains. The Gram stain use a primary stain of crystal violet and secondary stain as safranin.
In this experiment, we had purified LDH isozyme from the clarified homogenate via the ammonium sulfate precipitation, affinity chromatography and size exclusion chromatography. Based on the result shown on the LDH table and on the SDS page, the most effective LDH purification step is the affinity chromatography. Even though the affinity purification step recovers the least amount of LDH (only 3% of LDH from the previous 65% cut), it shows the most purified enzyme without any contaminating proteins on the SDS PAGE. Since the effectiveness of purification is determined by both the recovery rate and the purity rate, other LDH intermediates do meet the qualifying condition. The 65% cut pellet has the highest recovery rate, 84% of the LDH of
The experiment that we performed was polymerase chain reaction. We performed it to find what sample matched the unknown sample of DNA that we found at the crime scene. The hypothesis was one of the samples would match the unknown sample. We compared the three known samples against the unknown sample of DNA.
Prior to loading any protein sample, HIC was washed using four different solutions including equilibrium buffer (a highly salt solution 2M (NH4)2SO4), binding buffer (a very high salt solution 4M (NH4)2SO4), Wash buffer (a medium salt solution 1.3M (NH4)2SO4), and TE (elution) buffer (a very low salt solution 10 mM Tris/EDTA). According to the protein chromatography protocol, to prepare the chromatography column, the HIC column shook vigorously to resuspend the beads, the top cap was removed, and the bottom tap was snapped off, allowing the liquid buffer to drain (took 3-5 minutes). Then 2 mL of equilibrium buffer (i.e. 1 mL at a time) was added. The equilibrium buffer was allowed to drain until it reached the 1 mL mark above the white beads, then the column was recapped at each side and stored at room temperature for further
SDS-PAGE can be used for many different uses such as; finding important proteins in a sample and figuring out how much each protein is in a sample (Experimental Biosciences). Coomassie staining is used on SDS-PAGE gels after proteins get separated by SDS-PAGE machine, in which the SDS-PAGE gels get immersed in coomassie stain and the extra amount gets rinsed off with solvent. When the staining of SDS PAGE is completed is should show blue bands on the clear background of the SDS PAGE gel (BIO RAD). Western blotting is a lab procedure that is used to find specific proteins in a mixture
Each lane in the gel represents different proteins of animal species, the two that are the most similar to each other in this gel are A and B, where A represents Tuna and B represents Mahi. In the SDS-PAGE gel can be seen how A and B have more concentration of myosin in a certain area of the gel, as how C which represents shrimp has higher concentration in various places of the gel. Electrophoresis is the indicator of the protein’s size, to make the proteins transferable to a Western blotting membrane. Which makes the charged molecules migrate in an electric field to the opposite charge electrode. Molecules separate when they migrate through the gel for the reason that they travel at different
Since artificial enzymes functions by holding together molecules as they act on the
Having been put in a group according to a Belbin questionnaire, concurring to a score, a role is given, which was applied during the experiment. In this group activity, I worked with other students to investigate the effect of temperature on turnip peroxide enzyme. Taking a look at the experiment as a group a decision was made on who does what, so that we are prepared to start the experiment as soon as we settle into the lab. We worked as a team to plan and carry out an investigation, having coming up with instructions as a step to step of how to do the experiment. Carrying out an experiment with a group to investigate enzyme peroxide from turnips, this enzyme helps with the division of hydrogen peroxide developed in the cells during aerobic
Enzymes are resourceful catalysts for biochemical reactions, like all catalysts enzymes tend to speed up reactions. Enzymes use alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. They take part in the reaction, and as a result their able to provide alternate pathways. Throughout the reaction enzymes remain unchanged because they cannot experience any permanent changes Enzymes consist of active sites, which are parts of the enzyme molecule that have the ideal shape and functional groups to bind to one of the reacting molecules.
Enzymes are components in a chemical reaction which speed up the reaction. Enzymes are similar to catalysts in the fact that they are part of the reaction. However, unlike catalysts, enzymes do not change permanently in the reaction and they do not become charged (Enzymes). The fact that enzymes are not changed during a reaction means they can be used repeatedly. When it comes to reactions, enzymes are specific about which chemical reactions they will assist.
In biology, one way or another everything is related or connected. Cells are the power of all living things and without them life would be relatively short or there would be no life at all. When biologist think of cells they think of the process of how cells functions and what stages they go through. The cells that go through meiosis are the sex cells that produce the sperm and the egg. Using the basic knowledge of the meiosis cell cycle scientist used that as their background knowledge to perform experiments that they had questions over genetics, cells, DNA, or how life functions.
