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Gonorrheal Disease Case Study

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Chapter 8 Summary and Conclusion Study 5 From the present study, we conclude that gonorrheal infection predominantly occurred in (67.2%) women. Most of the patients were under 30 years of age and gave history of unprotected, multiple, heterosexual exposure. Prevalence of gonorrheal infection is majorly affected by a variety of demographic and medical factors. Various factors influencing the incidence and spreading of gonorrheal diseases are such as lifestyle and the susceptibility of the individual to gonorrheal infection, pathogenicity, prevailing therapy and different measures to control disease. A multiple set of behavioral factors also determines the threat of acquiring an STD in developing countries like India, the risk of acquiring …show more content…

In the absence of proper vaccine, one of the major requirements for control of gonorrheal disease is appropriate and effective treatment. However, options for the treatment of gonorrhea are decreasing as the organism has developed resistance to several antibiotics. Efficacy of standard treatment regimens is established and maintained with the help of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) surveillance of N. gonorrhoeae. AMR surveillance should be done continuously to know the occurrence of new resistant strains, monitor the changes in the patterns of resistance, and to update treatment recommendations so as to assist in disease control. Recent guidelines for treatment of gonorrhea recommends the use of single dose injectable or oral cephalosporins. Monitoring and investigation of gonorrhea have become essential due to the emergence and spread of multi drug resistant and cephalosporin resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae. Routine clinical laboratories need to be alert for the detection of such strain, so that plans for control and prevention could be reviewed and revised from time to time. It is essential to know the genetic mechanisms responsible for decreased susceptibility and future resistance. There is …show more content…

The co-infection of gonorrhea with HIV positive cases was 23.6%. The antibiotic resistance of Neisseria gonorrhea was high in HIV positive cases but was not statistically significant. Resistance to Ciprofloxacin in HIV negative and positive cases was 50% and 53.8% respectively. Among the Cephalosporin group, highest resistance was seen with Cefotaxime and Cefoxitin in both gonorrhea with HIV positive and negative patients. HIV negative patients showed no resistance to Ceftriaxone and Cefixime but HIV positive patients showed 7% and 15% resistance to Ceftriaxone and Cefixime respectively. Periodic monitoring of antimicrobial sensitivity profile will help in knowing the changes in susceptibility pattern and emergence of drug-resistant strains, which can help clinicians in choosing an appropriate antibiotic. This in turn helps the institution in evolving an effective hospital antimicrobial policy to promote rationale use of antibiotics and prevent the emergence of resistance. Research and identification of alternate treatment regimens play a vital role to prevent the development of resistance. The results of the present study support the current recommendations of NACO for use of third generation cephalosporins as the first choice of drugs for the empirical treatment of gonorrheal disease in

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This antibiotic produced a zone of inhibition of 26mm and was therefore sensitive. After a little bit more research it was concluded that K. oxytoca produces B-lactamase, therefore making it resistant to penicillin and ampicillin (MicrobeWiki, 2015). Now that testing has been done the providers know what type of medication would be best to start with. Two out of four medications could possibly be used to attack the infection. If the patient were to take Ciprofloxacin the mechanism of action would be to inhibit relaxation of DNA; inhibit DNA gyrase in

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The PHS (Public Health Service) department recruited local doctors and nurses who would not treat the men with syphilis (Clinton). They had white physicians within their department administer the study (Batten). There were 400

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They were not told about their diagnosis or given appropriate treatment, even after penicillin became widely available as an effective cure for syphilis. In our textbook, Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century,

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Until 1940, doctors could not find a cure for this disease. After that year, doctors discovered a treatment for primary, secondary, and early latent syphilis. The most used antibiotic to treat this affliction is penicillin and it is extremely effective. It only requires a single intramuscular injection of penicillin to those stages, and for those who are allergic to penicillin they can use other antibiotics such as tetracycline, doxycycline and other antibiotics. Those antibiotics are less effective than penicillin.

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Hawthorne indicates that Parris is overreacting to the scheduled hanging of Rebecca and proctor because “at every execution [he has] seen naught but high satisfaction in the town.” What would happen to a townsperson who protested the hangings or appeared dissatisfied in any way with the courts proceedings and decisions would without a doubt be thought to be associated with the devil. Therefore they would be brought in for immediate questioning. We saw a few cases throughout the story where this happened. When Corey Giles talks to the judges and tries to get his point across that his wife is being suspicious reading books.

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The knowledge that there is a disease with the potential to not only match butpossibly eclipse the detrimental nature of HIV is mortifying to say the least. The articleSex Superbug Could Be’ Worse Than Aids’ written by Mark Koba states that in 2009 adiscovery was made in japan while screening a women for sexually transmitted diseases. What was discovered was a strain of Gonorrhea resistant to antibiotics known as HO41.This strain of Gonorrhea has been categorized as a superbug grouped among diseasessuch as HIV. However the implications of this disease are far worse than HIV for severalreasons. The article Sex Superbug Could Be’ Worse Than Aids’ written by Mark Koba informsyou about the typical ailments that Gonorrhea can typically cause if not

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Gynecologist provide male and female with many methods of precautions that are

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“[AIDS] is not a distant threat. It is a present danger.” It is important to recognize, focus and take immediate action in regards to AIDS to create a safer and more positive future. On August 19, during the 1992 Republican National Convention Address, Mary Fisher, the author of “A Whisper of AIDS,” stood in front of a huge crowd of audience, delivered an influential speech to raise awareness for the treacherous transmittable disease known as AIDS, and called America to take action. She first starts her speech with a request for the audience’s attention and respect.

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According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012), “Among sexually-active women aged 16–24 years in commercial plans, chlamydia screening increased from 23.1% in 2001 to 45.0% in 2011. During the same time period, the screening rate among sexually active women aged 16–24 years covered by Medicaid increased from 40.4% to 58.0%. Although chlamydia screening is expanding, many women who are at risk are still not being tested reflecting, in part, the lack of awareness among some health care providers and the limited resources available to support these screenings” (n.p.). Getting tested for chlamydia requires attention and awareness on the part of medical personnel, but it also goes into the willingness of a patient to discuss their sexual history, including how many partners they have had and if they, or those partners have ever had an STD in the past. This would also provide the perfect platform to talk about the severity of the situation and to clear the air about any myths and not to lean on Google or WebMD to educate or protect the patient’s life.

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To maintain the appearance that they were being “treated” the doctors gave the men placebos: vitamins, aspirins, and tonics. This was all useless against syphilis. There was also one more test that they wanted which was a purely diagnostic spinal

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However, the physicians did not reveal the actual purpose of the study. Consequently, penicillin was the most effective medication, but the doctors decided to withhold treatment (Bozeman, Hirsch, & Slade ,

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If you are positive you will be take antibiotics to reduce the signs of the gonorrhea and the antibiotics will not undo the damage the std did. What you can do to prevent from contracting the Gonorrhea is to get you and your sex partner tested for it before having sex and if you or your sex partner has gonorrhea you shouldn’t have naked sex and both should have condoms. Another way to prevent from contracting the gonorrhea is to not sit on the toilet when there is recent urine and blood on the seat when you have open sores. The only treatment option for gonorrhea is antibiotics. Gonorrhea is not curable.

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An American Research Ethics Travesty In 1932, the United States Public Health Service partnered with the Tuskegee Institute of Macon County, Alabama. Together, they collaborated for an experiment that would go down in United States history as one of the most notoriously corrupt and unjust studies since the doctors of Nazi Germany. Subjects were given the Syphilis virus and the doctors simply wanted to see how they survived without any treatment. This experiment went on until 1972, which makes for a grand total of forty years.

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HIV/AIDS was considered to be most prominent in, although not contained to, Africa, south of the Sarah desert. It spread throughout the world quickly with different strands to release the unanswered question: how do we treat aids? Some countries were able to reduce the amount of victims taken in by this disease while others rapidly increasing without the slightest idea of how to stop it. In 1990, about 1 percent of the population in Brazil was said to have HIV/AIDS, however since then they have been able to lower the number closer to 0.6 percent. On the opposite side of the spectrum, the Sub- Saharan region of Africa has had an unfortunate increase in cases to about 30 percent of citizens.

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2.2.6 Antibiotic resistance Wide spread resistance to first line of antimicrobials has complicated the selection of drugs for the treatment of shigellosis. Sulphonamides were first introduced in the early 1940s and all Shigella strains were sensitive to this drug. In 1940s, tetracycline followed by chloramphenicol, were recommended for the treatment of shigellosis because sulphonamides became ineffective. Soon, resistance to these two drugs was observed and ampicillin and co-trimoxazole came to the rescue and were found to be clinically highly effective (Ross et al., 1972; Nelson et al., 1976).

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