History Of The Human Genome Project

The Humane Genome project has been recognized as the greatest exploration feats in history. It was a journey inward to research and map all the genes in sequence of our species, Homo-sapiens. This project has paved way for future scientific discovery of not only our genetics but the genetics of other mammals and species alike. The advancements made from this project has also helped very much in the law enforcement field of DNA identification in rape kits and other DNA evidence. Prior to the Human Genome Project there where many major break throughs in the genetics field made by many incredible researchers and scientist. Understanding these breakthroughs is crucial to see the timeline of how the Human Genome project came to life. The beginning

Mendel discovered the traits that are passed from parent to child by studying the crossed species of peas. Mendel was hailed as the father of modern genetics for his discovery and research. In 1869 Freidrich Miescher isolated a new molecule form the cells nuclei and named it “nuclein.” Miescher and many other scientists believed that proteins contained in the molecules held the passed down DNA from parent to child. In 1952 Rosalind Franklin created Photograph 51. Photograph 51 is the photo that shows the distinct helical pattern of DNA strands. In 1961 Marshall Nirenberg cracked the genetic code of protein synthesis. Nirenberg and the National Institutes of Health focused on the DNA protein synthesis and the roll of RNA during that process. In 1977 Freiderick Sanger develops “Rapid DNA Sequencing” better known as the Sanger method in

In 1984 the US Department of Energy, National Institutes of Health, and International groups held meetings to discuss studying the human genome. In 1990 the start of the Human Genome Project begins with the publication by the US Department of Energy and National Institute of Energy discussing the first five year plan and projecting it to be a 15 year project. Just five years in scientist discover for the first time that random “shotgun” sequencing can be applied to the whole genome with speed and accuracy. Shotgun sequencing is better known as shotgun cloning and it is used in complex long strands of the human genome. In 1996 the leaders of The Human Genome project decided that all human genomic sequence information should be free and available in a public domain within 24 hours of generation. Celera Genomics is a private corporation that helped bring the end of The Human Genome project two years ahead of schedule. In 1999 the first chromosome, number 22, was the first to be decoded. Chromosome 22 is the second smallest strand of DNA with 21 being the smallest. Chromosome 22 spans roughly 49 million DNA base pairs! Chromosome 22 is also the chromosome mostly associated with several diseases. In 2001 the Human Genome Project published a first draft of the initial analysis of the human genome sequencing. In 2003 The Human Genome project announced its completion proudly two years ahead of