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Summary Of Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence Theory

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Introduction
Different people from different cultures have different criteria’s they use to define intelligence (Tlali, 2016). For many years tests have been carried out, theories been formulated to define intelligence but none of these theories are the same. One of the people who formulated their own theory of intelligence is Howard Gardner who is an American psychologist. He came up with the theory of multiple intelligences which differentiates intelligence into a number of modalities. In this essay, Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligence theory will be discussed and also how psychotherapists can use some of his theories to improve their effectiveness.

Howard Gardener’s theory of multiple intelligence
Howard Gardener’s theory of multiple …show more content…

It also looks at the ability to develop equations and identify relationships between different things. The linguistic (word smart) intelligence refers to the ability to understand the function of words and the ability to use words effectively to analyse information. The musical (musical smart) intelligence refers to the ability to follow musical patterns and produce music from different types of sounds while the visual-spatial (picture smart) intelligence looks at the ability to analyse physical space, detect patterns, read maps and charts. Picture smart individuals are also good with art, craft and design (Tlali, 2016, p.304). Interpersonal intelligence is the ability to understand and interact with different people effectively through verbal and non-verbal communication and also being able to entertain people with different views (Tlali, 2016, p.304). On the other hand, the intrapersonal intelligence refers to the ability for one to introspect themselves and determine their strengths and weakness. The naturalistic (nature smart) theory of intelligence looks at the ability to identify patterns in nature and distinguish different types of things found in nature. The bodily kinaesthetic (body smart) intelligence refers to the ability to use the body to convey feelings and emotions by dancing or doing sports (Tlali, 2016, …show more content…

A psychotherapists is then a person who uses psychological means instead of medical means to treat mental disorders. A psychotherapist can be considered as effective if they understand that mental disorders cannot be cured but can be treated and controlled. Effective psychotherapists also have good communication skills, they are open minded, understanding, creative, empathetic and persuasive (Wampold, 2011). They have a treatment plan, they record the progress of the clients and are flexible with their treatment strategies as they treat patients with different problems, personalities and backgrounds (Wampold, 2011). They also keep their personal issues away from clients. Effective psychotherapist form working alliances with a range of clients. These alliances are used to form therapeutic bonds and trust between the client and therapist during the initial stage. Effective psychotherapists also seek to improve themselves and their skills at all times (Wampold,

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First, the most common theory, Gardener's multiple intelligence theory, that states that many different types of mental aptitudes exist. One Example Asimov mentions is how he would do excitingly well in a regular intelligence test, but if he tested on almost any aptitude test that was not made by an

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Since 1800s the early studies into understanding the nature of intelligence by researchers were hampered by difficulties. Intelligence refers to our ability to learn quickly and adapt to new situations. IQ tests measure our vocabulary, our ability to problem-solve, reason logically and so on. Experts who had researched for decades into how different brains work are still unable to provide a suitable explanation. Scientists now know that there are multiple types of intelligence.

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While the first word (artificial) means directly man made, the second has been defined several times differently. However, the most recent and best description comes from the Harvard professor Howard Gardener in his book Frames of the mind "An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings.” According to his definition, he proposed a theory that implies the presence of different kinds of intelligences that solve different type of problems. He categorized them in eight categories: Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence, Mathematical-Logical Intelligence, Visual-Spatial Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence, Interpersonal, Naturalist Intelligence, and Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence.(sometimes the intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence are collectively called Emotional intelligence).

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1.1 Background of the Study Since the publication of book entitled Frames of Mind by Howard Gardner in 1983, the concept of Multiple Intelligences (MI) Theory brings the new horizon in Psychology and Education. The traditional view of intelligence was best conceptualized as a single, general capacity for conceptualization and problem solving which simply measured by the IQ (Intelligence Quotient) test. In addition, Spearman (1904) as cited in Bandarabbasi, & Karbalaei (2013) claimed that there is a relationship between intelligence and a variety of intellectual performance. He believed that people who perform well on intelligence tests also perform well on other intellectual tasks, such as vocabulary, mathematical, and spatial abilities. Intelligence

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• The child being observed has some difficulties understanding basic geometric figures in the math center of where they belong. • The child being observed has some difficulties understanding some reading comprehension questions while reading a short story. 8. Child’s Relative Stronger and Weaker Multiple Intelligences: • The child being observed based on Gardner’s intelligences seems to be an intrapersonal learner because he chooses to work independently instead of working with others, understands his strengths and weakness in class, expresses what he’s feeling today and to be confident in themselves. • The child being observed based on Gardner’s intelligences seems to also be an interpersonal learner because he enjoys interacting with his friends, he can give a good advice if someone is struggling, he loves to play games his games with his peers and has a lot of friends in

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Psychotherapists are important for people who are suffering from mental health issues. They are the people who are able to help other people, mostly by just talking to them and helping them through any issues that they may be having. However, they suffer from many of the same issues that their patients do. In a study of 800 psychologists, it was found that most had been in therapy before and of those, about sixty-one percent had felt some sort of clinical depression; about one in four have felt suicidal and that nearly four percent had said that they have attempted suicide (Kleespies, Van Order, Bongar, Bridgeman, Bufka, Galper, Hillbrand & Yufit, 2011, p. 244).

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This can create a sense of trust between client and therapist, which could make the therapy session much more

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Who’s work result had shown that intelligence thinking refers to the “IQ” level. However, he argued that IQ test can only measure linguistic and logical- mathematical abilities. Gardner said that there are nine different kinds of intelligence. Which are linguistic or verbal, Spatial or Visual, Mathematical or Logical, Rhythmic or Musical, Kinesthetic or Bodily, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Naturalistic and Existential.

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(Bernstein and Nash, 2008). IQ tests also test this type of intelligence, and Western school systems favour this intelligence above all else with emphasis on memorising and analysis (Sternberg, 2005). Practical intelligence is the second form of intelligence described by Sternberg and this is the ability to apply knowledge outside of the classroom (Sternberg, 2005). Sternberg explains that high practical intelligence is a “better predictor of adaptive functioning in the everyday world”(Sternberg, 1999, p. 438) compared to analytical intelligence, citing a study of Russian adults which found that those with high practical intelligence had lower incidence of anxiety and depression and had better physical health. Creative intelligence is the third type of intelligence and it focuses on the ability to excel when faced with a novel scenario – ie an unfamiliar task or situation (Jacobson, Mulick and Rojahn, 2007).

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The results of a questionnaire that Paola completed, My true Intelligence (adapted from Armstrong Thomas, “Teaching Multiple Intelligences In the Classroom”, 1994) shows that the stronger abilities in the student are logical-mathematical, musical, Bodily Kinesthetic and Interpersonal. According to ITTO textbook a description of each of these learning styles are; a logical-mathematical intelligence allows the student to solve logical problems, puzzles and games, the student can also make quantifications and calculations easily. Having a Musical Intelligence is for those students who like music in general sometimes students find easily to sing with lyrics, identify streets or accentuation in exercises or do fill in the blank exercises. In the case of Kinesthetic Bodily intelligence, the students have the ability to express themselves using body movements; the best word to describe this action is ‘Motion’. The students who have an Interpersonal intelligence are capable of listening to other people and establish a good relationship with them; activities in group are highly effective for them.

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