Consciousness In The Book Frames Of The Mind By Howard Gardener

Introduction

Consciousness is an enigmatic term that capture what sets apart humans from other sentient beings. The origin of the word “conscious” was derived from a Latin one called ‘conscius’ meaning “knowing with others or in oneself”. Although the common use of the term “consciousness” seems so simple and straightforward, it becomes an intricate and perplexing concept to handle in reference to fields like psychology, philosophy and cognitive neurosciences. Science fiction writers have been proposing the possibility of robots, a word originating from the Latin word ‘Robota’ which means ‘forced labour’, possessing super-intelligence or AI, that make them conscious being that think and have emotions, like the robot in the movie

While the first word (artificial) means directly man made, the second has been defined several times differently. However, the most recent and best description comes from the Harvard professor Howard Gardener in his book Frames of the mind "An intelligence is the ability to solve problems, or to create products, that are valued within one or more cultural settings.”

According to his definition, he proposed a theory that implies the presence of different kinds of intelligences that solve different type of problems. He categorized them in eight categories: Verbal-Linguistic Intelligence, Mathematical-Logical Intelligence, Visual-Spatial Intelligence, Intrapersonal Intelligence, Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence, Interpersonal, Naturalist Intelligence, and Musical-Rhythmic Intelligence.(sometimes the intrapersonal and interpersonal intelligence are collectively called Emotional intelligence). This theory cam to be known as multiple intelligences theory or MI in

Examples of robots that exhibit Mathematical-Logical intelligence include the 1997 IBM's Deep blue computer that beat world chess champion Gary Kasprov, the 2011 IBM's Watson that beat two contestants on T.V show called jeopardy, and the 2016 Google's Alpha go that defeated Lee Sedol , the top Go player in the world. Other robots or computer programs show Verbal-linguistic intelligence such as Apple's Siri. Even some of them exhibit emotional intelligence such as MIT's Nexi a mobile, dexterous robot that can efficiently show emotions through facial gestures. Another example of a robot that can express emotions through verbal and body language is