Charles Spearman's Theory Of Intelligence

THEORIES OF INTELLIGENCE
INTRODUCTION
Throughout history, numerous researchers have suggested different definitions regarding intelligence and that it is a single, general ability, while other researchers believed that the definition of intelligence includes a range of skills. Spearman (general intelligence), Gardner (multiple intelligence) and Goleman (emotional intelligence) have all looked into further research regarding intelligence, where 3 different theories were formed regarding what intelligence is and how it should be defined. Since then, Binet, Simon and Terman have all contributed to intelligence testing. Although, there is still controversy over intelligence testing.
WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE?
There has been many debates as well as

The two factors include the G factor and the S factor. The G factor refers to the general cognitive abilities that are measured in individuals when completing different tasks. However, the S factor refers to the more specific abilities that the individuals use to complete the different tasks.
Advantages/strengths of Charles Spearman’s theory:
1. The G factor can be measured by an IQ test
2. The G factor is a good indication of school performance
Disadvantages/weakness of Charles Spearman’s theory:
1. The backlash and criticism regarding how the G factor only measures General Intelligence
2. The G factor doesn’t take into account other various activities such as motor abilities, perception and musical abilities.
HOWARD GARDNER: MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE
Multiple Intelligence:
Howard Gardner (1943-current) originally identified and stated that there are 7 (later 9) specific types of intelligence. Gardner argued that students across a broad scale would retain information better if the information was displayed in a number of ways, due to the fact that an individual’s cognitive ability varies in the different types of multiple

Body Kinesthetic: an individual’s ability to move an object skillfully and the coordination to move their body.
Musical: an individual’s interpretation of tone and pitch including the understanding of rhythm and harmony.
Visual/Spatial: an individual’s ability to judge distance as well as their ability regarding high order thinking such as understanding mazes and maps.
Intrapersonal: an individual’s understanding of one’s self such as controlling their thoughts which can be further specified into strengths and weaknesses.
Advantages/strengths of Howard Gardner’s theory:
1. Helps to explain that an individual has a variety of different understandings in different types of multiple intelligence.
2. The theory was based upon educational evidence and case studies.
Disadvantages/weaknesses of Howard Gardner’s theory:
1. Doesn’t explain why some individuals are more intelligent than others.
2. Controversy over whether the seven specific types of intelligences are actually intelligences or whether they are abilities (such as musical, body-kinesthetic, interpersonal and intrapersonal).
GOLEMAN: EMOTIONAL