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Key Concepts Of Sociology Midterm

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Recommended: Political realism in international relations

1. Foreign Policy - is the approach to decision making within a country that affects others outside the county. An example of this would be deciding to place sanctions on a country that may be a threat to the United States. This is a domestically thought up plan to protect national security by influencing another country’s economic freedom.
2. National Interest - the current state or pathway the country wishes to maintain or achieve and the means through which it obtains it. It’s in our national interest to make sure our prosperity and lifestyle is protected and maintained.
3. Isolationism / Unilateralism - making no specific agreements or treaties with a country allowing the freedom to engage with all countries while maintaining isolationist protections. This could mean the freedom to trade, share technology, etc. This is a form of political detachment. A potential negative effect of this type of perspective would be that other countries may try to force you to take sides and view neutrally as helping their enemy creating conflict.
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Realist Perspective / School - The thought process which believes that nations will behave in a certain way in the pursuit of their own self-interest. The theory of Realism is used to predict what a nation state will do and use their own interest to your own benefit. It’s also the belief that power is one of the chief concerns within international relations.
5. Liberal / Idealist Perspective / School - The thought process which believes that cooperation and collective pacts are the key to achieving “progress” and security. Countries work together to achieve “things” such as human rights or certain agreed upon values. An example of this would be the United Nations or the European

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Imperialism is the state policy or practice of gaining more power and dominating to become a bigger world power and to make more money through getting natural resources

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Idealism emphasizes the promotion of values such as democracy, human rights, and international cooperation. It emphasizes the moral and ethical dimensions of foreign relations and seeks to advance American interests by promoting global stability and spreading democratic ideals. Realism, on the other hand, places greater emphasis on power, national interest, and the balance of power among states. It takes a more pragmatic and skeptical view of international relations, recognizing the importance of self-interest and the limitations of idealistic

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For example, the Europeans wanted to compromise with the Third World. The Japanese tried to negotiate deals with them. But the Americans, they went in opposition of the third world counties. Their stance was neoliberalism, the separation of politics and economics. Meaning that one lets the markets govern themselves, with little restrictions.

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2. Evaluate which perspective, realist or liberal, has dominated the foreign policy of the United States since World War II. Ensure that you differentiate between rhetoric and reality in your analysis. Theory provides a road map for navigating the complex, strategic interactions amongst states. The predominate theories of international relations, realism and e liberalism, are based upon a distinct set of assumptions, which lead to an equally unique set of ways to achieve coherency in U.S. foreign policy.

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In sociology, there are three theoretical perspectives; symbolic interactionism, functional analysis and conflict theory. The major point of symbolic interactionism is to use symbols to help understand how we as a society view the world, and how we communicate with one another. In functional analysis, the major point is to look at society as a whole, constructed of various parts, or groups, that all have their own function. Lastly, conflict theory is the opposite of functional analysis. In this perspective, society is viewed as different groups, each competing for power, or dominance.

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A policy is a process of action that is suggested by the government. Example of foreign policy: preserving national security. Example of Economic policy: policies designed to create economic growth.

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In chapter four the author Stephen McGlinchey he explains how International Relations has helped us understand the world around us in various ways through different theoretical perspectives (McGlinchey,46). He first starts of talking about Immanuel Kant who developed the theory of liberals, which is people who have no intentions to go to war with other states (McGlinchey,47). Liberalism in International Relations is known as a “utopian” which basically means a country that lives in peace no IR conflicts (McGlinchey,47). McGlinchey also talks about the theory of realism, a theory created by Thomas Hobbes (McGlinchey,48). Hobbes describes realism as people who are “all against all’ and accept the fact that International Relations change and that

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Imperialism, a word that has been thrown here and there for the past century. It means for a country to dominate another country through political, cultural, or military means. Sometimes countries such as Belgium will induce fear through actions such as whipping or forcing labor into the citizens of another country just to gain power over that country. The primary motive of imperialism was nationalist domination, where one nation gains power over another. A country might try to gain power over other countries by trying to gain recognition from other countries.

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Chapter 4 of Essential of Sociology: A Down-to-Earth Approach by James M. Henslin is about both social structure and social interaction, which are performed at different levels of analysis. Macrosociology, used by functionalists and conflict theorists, focuses on broad features of society, such as the relationships of groups to one another and social structure. Microsociology focuses on social interaction, and it is typically used by symbolic interactionists. Social structure, the framework of society consisting of the ways that people and groups are related to one another that sets limits on our behavior, has several components, which are culture, social class, social status, roles, groups, and social institutions. Functionalists identify

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The theory unleashes such dynamic forces that from the time of its inception up till now it has governed the international system of the world however things one day itself fall apart. The Realists mark the State as the locus of different international circles and these sovereign states have vested interests which are always selfish. Realism is a heartless theory, man is not supposed to be selfish in the way exaggerated by the Realist thinker however [he] is a seeker of knowledge and what so ever he stumbles upon, he keeps

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4.0 An Explanation of Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism and Post-Structuralism. 4.1 Realism Realism or political realism prioritizes national interests and security concerns in addition to moral ideology and social reconstruction. The term is often associated with political power. The term is often associated with political power. Realism believes that the state is the main actor of the most important in determining the direction of a country.

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Idealism and Realism are two strongly opposed views of foreign policy. At the core of this opposition is the issue of power and security in politics. Realism establishes a separation between politics and ethics in order to understand and comprehend international events. Realists don’t oppose morality to politics, nor power to law, but rather oppose the utopian peaceful society to the nature of society.

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It can also be defined as “nation-building” is a process which leads to the formation of countries in which the citizens feel an adequate amount of cohesion of interests, aims and preferences so that they do not wish to separate from each other. The newest conceptualization is basically that nation-building programs are those in which dysfunctional or unbalanced or "failed states" or economies are given assistance in the development of governmental organization, civil society, dispute resolution mechanisms, as well as economic assistance, in order to rise the stability (Stephenson). B. Seymour M. Lipset’s View About Nation-Building

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Rather than focusing only on state’s selfishness and competitiveness, structural realists (neorealists) believe that states enter into alliances with other states (diplomacy) to regulate and keep a check on the power of other alliances and more powerful states. Although the school of structural realism (neorealism) is developed from the classical realist school, there are key differences between these two types of realism. According to Ferguson (2011) and the lectures and other materials of week 1-3, classical realists primarily focus on explaining the nature of man; that is, human nature is aggressive and human aggregates (states) are thus aggressive too. They argue that behaviors of states derive heavily from human nature, and self-centeredness and self-interestedness are presumed to be the fundamental principles of realism. In contrast to this, structural realists (neorealists)

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Also, Realism ideas believe that state would act according to their own ideas and needs when Liberalism believes that state would act according to citizens ideas and needs. Realism believes in conflicts, aggression, militaristic expansions and Liberalism believes in measuring of power trough countries economy, in the cooperation and peace, in the nation/people`s rights and in ideas of political and nations/peoples freedom. Also, Realism believes that United Nation is pointless because organization cant keeps another state what it wants for example: (Russian annexation of Crimea and Russian occupation in Georgia) but actually Liberalism believes that United Nations can`t force states to obey the organization, but Liberals think that UN is still important in our reality. Liberalism just believes that international organizations like United Nations, give states the ways in which to cooperate with each other and to gain one another's trust. Also Realists argue that all states have same interests and all countries are interested in increasing

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