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Major General Freud Operational Environment Case Study

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Major General Petraeus and the City of Mosul, Iraq Operational Environment

The state of Mosul’s operational environment dictated Major General Petraeus operational approach to military operations.
Operational Environment
The operational environment is a composite of conditions circumstances and influences that affect the employment capabilities and bear on the decisions of the commander (JP 1-02). Mosul is the second largest city in Iraq, with a population of 1.7 million people. The Tigris River is located 250 miles North of Baghdad. Nested in Mosul is the Sunni triangle. Mosul is also fault line where various ethnic, religious, sectarian, and tribal groups intersect. In the city of Mosul, the distribution of the Sunni Arab is 70%, Kurd 25%, …show more content…

There was no economic infrastructure or administrative control when Saddam Hussein had overall control over economic activity at the beginning of the war. General David Petraeus assigned Colonel Anderson of the 101st, and his troops arrived in Mosul with minimal information about the city, its people, or the surrounding province. Major General Petraeus then assigned Colonel Anderson to reconnoiter Mosul and report back to him with an update. After Colonel Anderson arrival to Mosul, he heard conflicting reports from the 26th Marine expeditionary unit stating the area was dangerous when the Special Forces said it was much calmer. During Colonel Anderson "commander 's reconnaissance" tour around Mosul, he decided to form his own opinion of how he was going to deploy troops on the ground with recommendations from Major General Petraeus. General Petraeus landed in Mosul on April 22, when he decided to locate his hindquarters in Saddam Hussein 's former palace across the Tigris River a few kilometers north of Colonel Anderson. Major General Petraeus needed a location to accommodate thousands of staff, a signal battalion, military intelligence, civil affairs, and engineers. As troops begin to deploy, he started his own commander 's reconnaissance of the political, economic, military, and landscape. If Colonel Anderson failed to act quickly move soldiers into Mosul to occupy the area which is known as a breeding ground

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Starting in mid-January to mid-February, there was interest in assaulting the Shahikot Valley in the Paktia province of Afghanistan by employing U.S. ground combat forces as part as an operation due to intelligence reports suggesting that enemy forces, which included al Qaeda and the Taliban where in the stages of reoccupying the area to regroup its forces after its sustaining defeats during the early stages of Operation Enduring Freedom. A debate between intelligence agencies on whether the enemy troops would be on the valley floor or on the hills. Well before the battle, early intelligence estimates, which drew on HUMINT and other sources, claimed that nearly 1,000 al Qaeda and Taliban forces might be present in the Shahikot Valley but then were lowered to about 200 to 300 personnel (Baranick, Binnendijk , Kuglar, 2009). They also concluded that they were mostly living in the valley’s villages, rather than deployed in the surrounding mountains and ridgelines as they thought they would be from the more tactical

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By definition, “mission command is the exercise of authority and direction by the commander using mission orders to enable disciplined initiative within the commander’s intent to empower agile and adaptive leaders in the conduct of unified land operations,” according to ADRP 5-0. Mission command is about knowing when to change the task to fit the purpose. This paper is intended to analyze the mission command of one side of the battle, focusing on the commander’s role in the operations process. The Battle of Bunker Hill was the most important battle of the American Revolution because of Colonel Prescott’s superior command and control.

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Schwarzkopf. The national interests of forces involved in a multinational operation may lead to potential conflicts. Alliances can deal with these issues by established command and control structures that take into account differences in national procedures. These structures have personnel from each of the alliance members, who become integral to the A recent example of parallel command structure is the coalition operation in the Persian Gulf War (Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm), in which Western coalition forces came under the control of a US force commander General Schwarzkopf, and the Arab and Muslim coalition forces came under the control of a Saudi force commander General Khaled Bin Sultan. General Schwarzkopf understood that the coalition’s efforts against Iraq were extremely vulnerable to cultural sensitivities, and therefore he made sure to foster cross-cultural interaction throughout the campaign (Dickinson, 2004).

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Therefore, the Sunni-Shia conflict in the religion of Islam has been the major cause of the people reacting towards one another with violence, hatred and discrimination, and has caused political leaders to exaggerate the differences of others. Firstly, the Sunni-Shia conflict has caused the people of the two opposing groups to react with violence towards one another as a result of the constant fight for political power. The article titled “The Origins of the Sunni-Shia Split,” states, “Eventually, Ali was chosen as the fourth caliph, but not before violent conflict broke out. Two of the earliest caliphs were murdered.

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The Shi’ite and Sunni factions are two groups of the Muslim civilization that split ways after a disagreement about who Muhammad’s successor should be after his passing. Their greatest differences all relate to their beliefs of authority in religion. The Sunni faction believes that Abu Bakr, a companion of Muhammad, gained the role of leadership in the Muslim religion. The Shi’ite, however, believe that Ali is the rightful new leader to be followed due to family lineage. This disagreement has caused severe tension between the two groups that continues to last in todays society.

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Anderson, I really liked the way you explained the operational environment and how it pertains to the hybrid threat. I thought your description of the hyprid threat in an operational environment was very accurate. I agree that the enemy has a way of changing their tactics and procedures very rapidly. I think we have to be able to change as an Army very quickly and become more adaptable to meet new threats. I was interested to learn about slat armour and how it can stop RPGs.

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Since then the situation hasn’t gotten much better in terms of electrical infrastructure (Crocker) (Press, Associated). Scattered throughout the nation, a large portion of the five hundred-thousand civilian deaths previously mentioned was from this now destroyed infrastructure due to people lacking essentials such as food, water, work, shelter, electricity, and money. Unfortunately, Iraq hasn’t been able to recover since the American occupation and in-fact, many places are in worse condition than during the war because The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, a terrorist group, which resides in Syria and Iraq, has been taking larger portions of Iraq’s land. To put it simply, Iraq doesn’t have the support it’s needing to hold land for its people or for its army. Since American troops have withdrawn from the Nation many other insurgent groups are now heading into Iraq as a safe haven for terrorism.

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Therefore and in this atmosphere of relative freedom; two problems appeared: first, between Sunni and Shi’at sects within united Iraq from one hand. Second, between Kurds and Arabs in general from the other hand, with an implied calls for gradual separation and independence of Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Thus, we can not realize the exact identity of Iraq state due to many different calls for one Iraqi identity for all Iraqis along with preservation of all minorities’ features and characteristics. In this paper we focus on Kurdish national trends more than the others, by reason of that the Kurds have more effects on the Iraqi identity from the side of language and culture. Therefore, and to support this idea; we have examined 200 students (20-25 years old) of University of Dohuk, from colleges of Law and Arts (departments of Arabic Language, Kurdish Language, and History) through questionnaire operation by distributing a questionnaire forms to be fulfilled by them.

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